Errymath

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lt.cjdby.net</div>
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PL-XX.</div>
The J-16 carries two VLRAAM for a test firing. </div>
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In 
Nov 2016, a J-16 strike fighter test-fired a gigantic 
hypersonic missile, successfully destroying the target drone at a very 
long range.<br />
<br />
Looking at takeoff photos, we estimate the missile is about 28 
percent of the length of the J-16, which measures 22 meters (about 72 
feet). The puts the missile at about 19 feet, and roughly 13 inches in 
diameter. The missile appears to have four tailfins. Reports are that 
the size would put into the category of a very long range air to air 
missile (VLRAAM) with ranges exceeding 300 km (roughly 186 miles), 
likely max out between 250 and 310 miles. (As a point of comparison, the
 smaller 13.8-foot, 15-inch-diameter Russian R-37 missile has a 249-mile
 range).<br />
This is a big deal: this missile would easily outrange any American 
(or other NATO) air-to-air missile. Additionally, the VLRAAM's powerful 
rocket engine will push it to Mach 6 speeds, which will increase the no 
escape zone (NEZ), that is the area where a target cannot outrun the 
missile, against even supersonic targets like stealth fighters.<br />
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<img alt="China J-16 fighter missile long range" class="full-width shareable unveil-processed full-visible" data-lgsrc="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/large_1x_/public/images/2016/11/vlraam_j-16_2.jpg?itok=s2w6NMNG&fc=50,50" data-medsrc="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/medium_1x_/public/images/2016/11/vlraam_j-16_2.jpg?itok=c5DWwcLQ&fc=50,50" data-smsrc="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/small_1x_/public/images/2016/11/vlraam_j-16_2.jpg?itok=lDrJd1Gk&fc=50,50" data-src="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/large_1x_/public/images/2016/11/vlraam_j-16_2.jpg?itok=s2w6NMNG&fc=50,50" data-xlsrc="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/xl_1x_/public/images/2016/11/vlraam_j-16_2.jpg?itok=lSFYYF-3&fc=50,50" height="366" src="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/large_1x_/public/images/2016/11/vlraam_j-16_2.jpg?itok=s2w6NMNG&fc=50,50" width="640" /><a class="colorbox-button cboxElement linkTargets-processed" href="http://www.popsci.com/china-new-long-range-air-to-air-missile?dom=rss-default&src=syn"> </a><br />
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lt.cjdby.net</div>
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VLRAAM</div>
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The VLRAAM is one of the world's largest air to air missiles. Its
 other advanced features include an AESA radar, a 
infrared/electro-optical seeker (under the yellow-orange cover on the 
forward section above the nosecone), and satellite navigation midcourse 
correction. <i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Popular Science</span></i>  <br />
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The new,
 larger missile's added value is not just in range. Another key feature:
 its large active electronically scanned (AESA) radar, which is used in 
the terminal phase of flight to lock onto the target. The AESA radar's 
large size—about 300-400% larger than that of most long range air-to-air
 missiles—and digital adaptability makes it highly effective against 
distant and stealthy targets, and resilient against electronic 
countermeasures like jamming and spoofing.<br />
The VLRAAM's backup sensor is a infrared/electro-optical seeker that 
can identify and hone in on high-value targets like aerial tankers and 
airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) radar aircraft. The 
VLRAAM also uses lateral thrusters built into the rear for improving its
 terminal phase maneuverability when engaging agile targets like 
fighters.<br />
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<img alt="China long range air to air missile" class="full-width shareable unveil-processed full-visible" data-lgsrc="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/large_1x_/public/images/2016/11/vlraam_study.png?itok=3vDicCHE&fc=50,50" data-medsrc="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/medium_1x_/public/images/2016/11/vlraam_study.png?itok=f1qr6ISI&fc=50,50" data-smsrc="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/small_1x_/public/images/2016/11/vlraam_study.png?itok=C05sNy4o&fc=50,50" data-src="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/large_1x_/public/images/2016/11/vlraam_study.png?itok=3vDicCHE&fc=50,50" data-xlsrc="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/xl_1x_/public/images/2016/11/vlraam_study.png?itok=zVNajXXx&fc=50,50" height="640" src="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/large_1x_/public/images/2016/11/vlraam_study.png?itok=3vDicCHE&fc=50,50" width="508" /><a class="colorbox-button cboxElement linkTargets-processed" href="http://www.popsci.com/china-new-long-range-air-to-air-missile?dom=rss-default&src=syn"> </a><br />
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J8 at cjdby.net via Hongjian</div>
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Glide</div>
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This 2015 study in a Chinese scientific journal discusses the 
flight path and performance of a VLRAAM, which flies 15 km upward of its
 launching fighter to a 30 km altitude, and is guided by a combination 
of long range radars (like Chinese AEWC planes) and satellite 
navigation, before divebombing at hypersonic speeds onto enemy aircraft,
 including stealth fighters, stealth bombers and AEWC aircraft.<br />
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Interestingly,
 the ability to glide may be a key feature as well. A 2016 research 
paper by Zhang Hongyuan, Zheng Yuejing, and Shi Xiaorong of Beijing 
Institute of Control and Electronics Technology linked to the VLRAAM 
development suggests that the midcourse portion of the VLRAAM's flight 
will occur at altitudes above 30 km (about 18.6 miles). Flying at such 
low pressure, low drag high altitudes would allow the VLRAAM to extend 
its range (similar to hypersonic gliders). The high altitude also makes 
it difficult for enemy aircraft and air defenses to shoot it down 
midflight. Finally, high altitude flight means that the VLRAAM would 
have a high angle of attack against lower flying targets, which reduces 
the response time for enemy evasive action.<br />
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<img class="progressiveMedia-image js-progressiveMedia-image" data-src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/1000/1*W_EyMsZgEz3ZAd1WD8QjHw.jpeg" height="266" src="https://d262ilb51hltx0.cloudfront.net/max/1000/1*W_EyMsZgEz3ZAd1WD8QjHw.jpeg" width="640" /> <br />
A U.S. F-35 fires an AIM-120. U.S. Navy photo<br />
<br />
In any event, the weapon is much more substantial than is the U.S. 
military’s own longest-range air-to-air missile, the AIM-120 Advanced 
Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile. The AMRAAM is just 12 feet long and 
seven inches in diameter. The latest version of the American missile, 
the AIM-120D, reportedly boasts a maximum range in excess of 90 miles.<br />
<br />
VLRAAM Reportedly relies on a powerful rocket motor than can propel the 
munition at “hypersonic” speeds of up to Mach 6 — half-again faster than
 the AIM-120D’s own top speed.    <b> </b><br />
The AIM-120D makes do with an 
older-style, and less effective, mechanically-steered radar.<br />
While making huge strides when it comes to targeting, the U.S. military 
is falling behind in the advancement of air-launched munitions.  <br />
The Pentagon has not yet begun developing a new long-range air-to-air missile to eventually replace the AIM-120D.<br />
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<div class="graf graf--p graf-after--p" id="4a82" name="4a82">
Of course, a
 very-long-range missile is useless in the absence of good targeting. 
Unless you’re willing to destroy every airplane within reach — whether 
they’re enemy warplanes, civilian passenger jets or even friendly 
forces — you need to identify opposing planes before attacking them.</div>
<div class="graf graf--p graf-after--p" id="33f2" name="33f2">
The
 identification problem prevented the U.S. Navy from successfully 
deploying its own AIM-54 Phoenix long-range air-to-air missile in 
combat. The Navy retired the munition in 2004 in favor of cheaper and 
more practical AMRAAMs.</div>
<div class="graf graf--p graf-after--p" id="33f2" name="33f2">
<br /></div>
The Chinese military is apparently working on a solution to the 
identification problem, and has proposed building a targeting network 
around the high-flying Divine Eagle sensor drone. A Divine Eagle could 
pass targeting data to a VLRAAM-armed fighter — and potentially even to 
the missile itself, provided any operational version of the munition 
incorporates a datalink.</div>
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<img alt="China UAV Drone Divine Eagle" class="full-width shareable unveil-processed full-visible" data-lgsrc="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/large_1x_/public/divine_eagle_at_war.jpg?itok=F_LU511r" data-medsrc="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/medium_1x_/public/divine_eagle_at_war.jpg?itok=WwWgq4XS" data-smsrc="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/small_1x_/public/divine_eagle_at_war.jpg?itok=T7XNqSHT" data-src="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/large_1x_/public/divine_eagle_at_war.jpg?itok=F_LU511r" data-xlsrc="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/xl_1x_/public/divine_eagle_at_war.jpg?itok=PEkWxdy_" height="416" src="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/large_1x_/public/divine_eagle_at_war.jpg?itok=F_LU511r" width="640" /><a class="colorbox-button cboxElement linkTargets-processed" href="http://www.popsci.com/china-new-long-range-air-to-air-missile?dom=rss-default&src=syn"> </a><br />
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Hongjian and henri K</div>
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Divine Eagle at War</div>
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The Divine Eagle is shown here in both offensive operations 
(providing targeting for smart bombs to strike enemy SAM, 
communications, bunkers and ballistic ICBMs) as well as defensive 
operations (detecting American stealth aircraft before they enter China 
airspace). This HALE drone, with radars optimized to detect stealth 
aircraft, would be part of a wider Chinese air defense network that 
would guide VLRAAMs against enemy stealth aircraft.<br />
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Another 
researched VLRAAM function is datalinking; the papers called for the 
VLRAAM to be embedded within a highly integrated combat networks. It is 
envisioned as just part of a larger wave of networked solutions 
aggregated through multiple Chinese systems. For example, a J-20 stealth
 fighter wouldn't mount the missile (the VLRAAM is too large to fit in 
the J-20's weapons bay), but could use its low observable features to 
fly relatively close in order to detect enemy assets like AEW&C 
aircraft (which are vital to gather battlespace data for manned and 
unmanned assets, but subsonic in speed and less able to evade missiles).
 Then before breaking off contact, the J-20 would signal a J-16 400 km 
(249 miles) away (outside the range of most air to air missiles) 
providing it the data needed to launch the VLRAAM at the target. This 
would offer China a longer range version of present U.S. tactics that 
involve using the fifth generation F-22 as a sensor for 4th generation 
fighters as the "shooters."<br />
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<img alt="China long range air to air missile" class="full-width shareable unveil-processed full-visible" data-lgsrc="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/large_1x_/public/images/2016/11/vlraam_cg.jpg?itok=8YuhjKym&fc=50,50" data-medsrc="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/medium_1x_/public/images/2016/11/vlraam_cg.jpg?itok=x2bG6zdw&fc=50,50" data-smsrc="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/small_1x_/public/images/2016/11/vlraam_cg.jpg?itok=6xDjL5r2&fc=50,50" data-src="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/large_1x_/public/images/2016/11/vlraam_cg.jpg?itok=8YuhjKym&fc=50,50" data-xlsrc="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/xl_1x_/public/images/2016/11/vlraam_cg.jpg?itok=8SXHFkqy&fc=50,50" height="188" src="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/large_1x_/public/images/2016/11/vlraam_cg.jpg?itok=8YuhjKym&fc=50,50" width="640" /><a class="colorbox-button cboxElement linkTargets-processed" href="http://www.popsci.com/china-new-long-range-air-to-air-missile?dom=rss-default&src=syn"> </a><br />
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Chinese Internet via WeChat</div>
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The Future is Here</div>
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In operation, the VLRAAM will provide J-20 stealth fighters with 
long range "aerial artillery" to even the odds against numerically 
superior air forces, while giving new life to J-11 and J-16 fighters. It
 can also give J-15 carrier fighters a long range interception 
capability<b>. </b><i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Popular Science</span></i> <b>             <i></i></b><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></i><br />
<div class="wocc" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span id="ext-gen149" style="font-weight: bold;">THE US AIRFORCE WANTS HYPERSONICS MISSILES IN JUST FOUR YEARS </span></span></div>
<div class="wocc" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<img alt="Experimental unmanned aircraft developed for the U.S. Air Force have already gone hypersonic during tests off the Southern California coast, flying at more than five times the speed of sound." class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="329" id="i-8263593f59e0d00c" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/11/23/19/148CFA64000005DC-3965440-Experimental_unmanned_aircraft_developed_for_the_U_S_Air_Force_h-m-16_1479928646820.jpg" style="display: block;" width="624" /><br />
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;"><span style="font-size: small;">X-51A WaveRider.</span> </span><span style="font-size: 1.2em;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>dailymail.</i></span></span>    </span><br />
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Experimental
 unmanned aircraft developed for the U.S. Air Force have already gone 
hypersonic during tests off the Southern California coast, flying at 
more than five times the speed of sound.</div>
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<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Experimental
 unmanned aircraft developed for the U.S. Air Force have already gone 
hypersonic during tests off the Southern California coast, flying at 
more than five times the speed of sound.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The
 Air Force said last year that the X-51A WaveRider flew for more than 
three minutes under power from its exotic scramjet engine and hit a 
speed of Mach 5.1.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The
 Advanced Hypersonic Weapon is part of a program to create a missile 
that will destroy targets anywhere on Earth within hours - travelling at
 speeds in excess of 3,500 miles-an-hour or Mach 5.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">It
 is being created alongside other demonstration projects being developed
 by DARPA, including the Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept and the
 Tactical Boost Glide, both of which have test flights scheduled for 
2018 or 2019.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The same technology could also revolutionise air travel - although military bosses have their own goal.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">'We
 are the Air Force. What do we want to do with this technology? We want 
to weaponize it,' Ryan Helbach, an official with the Air Force Research 
Laboratory, said.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">'The
 follow-on program to this is the High Speed Strike Weapon effort. It's 
taking a lot of the lessons learned and the technology and moving to a 
weapons acquisition.'</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></i><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">RS-28 Sarmat missile</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The test flight comes just weeks after Vladimir Putin has launched a supersonic missile that could reach the UK in 13 minutes, according to Russian missile experts.</span><br />
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
<div class="mol-para-with-font" id="ext-gen143">
<span style="font-size: small;">The Object 4202 rocket was
 fired thousands of miles from the Yasny Launch Base in Russia to the 
far-east peninsula of Kamchatka with Kremlin officials calling the test a
 'success'.<a class="" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/russia/index.html" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">  </a></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;">It is all but invisible to US anti-missile systems and moves at such high speeds it is virtually impossible to intercept.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;">Boasting
 about their new weapon, Russia's Tactical Missiles Corporation claimed 
it would make the Hiroshima nuclear bombs look like 'popguns'.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
  </div>
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<img alt="Russia unveiled chilling pictures of its largest ever nuclear missile, capable of destroying an area the size of France last month. A contract for the weapons was signed in 2011, and they are expected to be ready in 2018" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="634" id="i-3eb8ae110b11b49d" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/10/25/10/39B1858B00000578-3870192-image-a-33_1477389204684.jpg" style="display: block;" width="634" /><br />
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Russia unveiled chilling pictures of 
its largest ever nuclear missile, capable of destroying an area the size
 of France last month. A contract for the weapons was signed in 2011, 
and they are expected to be ready in 2018</div>
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<div class="mol-para-with-font">
It could reach the west coast of the United States in 12 minutes.  </div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
The super weapon is being designed to sit atop Russia's largest ever nuclear missile, dubbed 'Satan 2'<a class="" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/russia/index.html" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank"> </a>by NATO.  </div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
The
 RS-28 Sarmat missile - which was unveiled last month - has a top speed 
of 4.3 miles (7km) per second and has been designed to outfox 
anti-missile shield systems.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
The new 
Sarmat missile could deliver warheads of 40 megatons - 2,000 times as 
powerful as the atom bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" id="ext-gen142">
The
 Russian President is reportedly planning to replace the country's older
 SS-18 Satan weapons with the new missiles amid a string of recent 
disagreements with the West</div>
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<img alt="" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="153" id="i-cbc847fc742e9b7" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/10/26/23/39B29DFE00000578-0-image-a-16_1477521970667.jpg" style="display: block;" width="624" /><br />
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Each 
missile contains 16 nuclear warheads, according to pictures revealed 
online from the Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau. It is also able to evade 
radar.</div>
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<img alt="If a Sarmat missile were fired at London it would wipe out most of Britain, as well as northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="420" id="i-9200482d105062e8" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/05/10/15/3402FF3200000578-3582907-image-a-35_1462890277728.jpg" style="display: block;" width="634" /></div>
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If a Sarmat missile 
were fired at London it would wipe out most of Britain, as well as 
northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands. <span style="font-size: 1.2em;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>dailymail</i></span></span></div>
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<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;">The
 new Sarmat missile could deliver warheads of 40 megatons - 2,000 times 
as powerful as the atom bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;">Satan 2 super-nuke that is capable of wiping out England and Wales and 2,000 times as powerful as the Hiroshima bomb. </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;"></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;">It is 
expected to have a range of 6,213 miles (10,000 km), which would allow 
Moscow to attack London and other European cities as well as reaching 
cities on America's west and east coasts.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;">Igor
 Sutyagin, an expert in Russian nuclear capability at the Royal United 
Services Institute in London, told MailOnline: 'The SS-18 is more than 
30 years old. It is past its sell-by date. </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;">'So even if you had the warmest relations in the world with Nato you would want to update your missiles. </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;">'But
 (President) Putin of course is happy for it to be portrayed as an 
aggressive move. He wants to stress his unpredictability and his 
importance.'</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;">Dr Sutyagin 
points out that the SS-18 missiles which the Russians currently rely on 
were designed in 1988 during the Soviet Union and were built at a 
factory in Dnipropetrovsk, in what is now the Ukraine.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;">He
 said the Russians cannot totally rely on the Ukraine-based maintenance 
engineers and he said Sarmat were designed and built by Russians at the 
Khrunichev plant just outside Moscow.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;">Dr
 Sutyagin said they would be no match for Nato systems like Aegis 
Ashore, the controversial missile defence shield which the US is 
deploying to Romania.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
<div class="mol-para-with-font" id="ext-gen147">
<span style="font-size: small;">He said: 'Not only are they too fast but they have got rid of the predictable flight path. </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;">'It manouevres all the way so it is terribly difficult for any missile defence system to shoot it down.'</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" id="ext-gen146">
<span style="font-size: small;">The Russian Defence Ministry plans to put the Sarmat into service in late 2018 and remove the last SS-18 by 2020. </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;">Tensions 
between Russian and the West are at breaking point with Theresa May 
attacking Putin for 'undermining the West's efforts' to tackle the Syria
 crisis.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;">Russia
 has welcomed the election of controversial Donald Trump as president 
and Putin and 'The Donald' are set for talks on crucial issues such as 
ISIS, the Ukraine issue and the global terror threat.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;"><span style="font-size: small;">Trump
 has spoken of his admiration for Putin and there is concern in Europe 
the US could pull back from sanctions against the Kremlin aimed at 
preventing further military action on the country's borders after the 
seizure of Crimea.</span>  </span><span style="font-size: 1.2em;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>dailymail.co.uk</i></span></span> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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J-16 strike fighter successfully test-fired a gigantic VLRAAM

lt.cjdby.net PL-XX. The J-16 carries two VLRAAM for a test firing. In Nov 2016, a J-16 strike fighter test-fired a gig...

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J-16 strike fighter successfully test-fired a gigantic VLRAAM

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