Errymath: AESA radar

New AESA radar for JF-17

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<img alt="img-a57f11a7cc09dc2c3d897ed60ea03ec6.jpg" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" src="https://defence.pk/pdf/attachments/img-a57f11a7cc09dc2c3d897ed60ea03ec6-jpg.515325/" /><br />
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<img alt="img-3aaa6d5b3a52810909e0f2998d06f8c3.jpg" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" src="https://defence.pk/pdf/attachments/img-3aaa6d5b3a52810909e0f2998d06f8c3-jpg.515327/" /><br />
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<img alt="img-45bb4f66c37d27a488be893c1f866a4a.jpg" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" src="https://defence.pk/pdf/attachments/img-45bb4f66c37d27a488be893c1f866a4a-jpg.515484/" />LFK601E AESA radar for JF-17   <br />
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Video: <a class="externalLink" href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/erbMxx_Bq9eFfGoRYfDq6w" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/erbMxx_Bq9eFfGoRYfDq6w</a>
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Zhuhai 2018 
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New AESA radar for JF-17

LFK601E AESA radar for JF-17 Video: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/erbMxx_Bq9eFfG...

The nemesis of the stealth fighter?

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<b><a href="http://www.bestchinanews.com/Military/9294.html" target="_blank">New materials</a> will increase the radar detection range by 50 times </b> <br />
Modern
 combat is a war based on electronic technology.<br />
Whoever has the 
advantage of electronic equipment can seize the electromagnetic power 
and seize it.  The dominance of battlefield information. In the case of
 one-way transparency, the enemy is attacked. The performance of the 
electronic device is closely related to the material.<br />
<br />
For example, the 
F-16 and F-22 use active phased array radar, but the materials are 
completely different and the performance is very different.  .<br />
The 
material mentioned here refers to the semiconductor material, which 
measures the main index power/mass ratio and reaction sensitivity of the
 semiconductor material. The former describes how much the device power 
is at a certain quality, and the latter describes the device's working 
state conversion and small signal detection capability.<br />
<br />
The US F-22 airborne radar AN/APG-77 
uses a semiconductor based on gallium nitride, and its electron mobility
 and mass-to-power ratio are improved relative to conventional GaAs 
radar,  5 to 10 times. This means that in the same radar and the same 
quality, the target can be detected more than 1.5 times the opponent's 
distance, which will inevitably bring great tactical advantages.<br />
<br />
A paper published by Professor 
Xu Yuzhen entitled "Interfacial Solution Method for Synthesizing 
Semiconductor Two-Dimensional Polymers" is very noteworthy, indicating 
that China has the ability to prepare two-dimensional semiconductor 
materials in the laboratory, and the power of this material will be 
large.  Amplitude improves the performance of electronic devices.<br />
<br />
<img src="http://www.bestchinanews.com/1ydzximg/0JhzCPyWca" /><br />
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The
 so-called two-dimensional semiconductor is relatively three-dimensional
 semiconductor, this semiconductor is very thin, only one by thickness  
The atomic composition of electrons in such semiconductors is very fast 
compared to bulk three-dimensional semiconductors.<br />
This is because, 
limited to the three-dimensional space environment, after the voltage is
 applied, although the electrons in the semiconductor partially move in a
 substantially certain direction, the whole will fly in a 
three-dimensional space, and most of the motion energy is consumed.  In a
 two-dimensional semiconductor, electrons cannot move to the third 
dimension, which greatly increases the current.  How much is this 
performance increase?<br />
<br />
The conclusion of the National Nanoscience Center
 paper is that the power quality ratio is 1000 times!  Reaction 
sensitivity exceeds 6000 times!<br />
What does this mean?  I will give you 
the calculation of this account.<br />
<br />
The detection range of the 
radar is proportional to the power of the fourth power of the 
sensitivity. After using this material, the same volumetric radar will 
be able to achieve 50 times the existing radar!<br />
Taking the F-22 as an 
example, the RCS minimum value is 0.0001m2, which can reduce the 
detection distance of the existing radar to the normal fighter by 13 
times.<br />
An airborne radar capable of detecting 150 kilometers can only 
find F-22 near 10 kilometers, but when the radar uses two-dimensional
 semiconductor materials, it can find the F-22 at 576km.<br />
<br />
Considering 
that the stealth capability of the stealth aircraft is almost at the 
limit, especially it is difficult to reduce the minimum value, so it can
 be said that once the species.<br />
When the radar is put into production, 
the myth of the stealth plane can no longer be reproduced.<br />
<br />
 In addition,
 it should be noted that this new material has the advantages of 
softness and plasticity. Under the influence of this feature, it is also
 possible to study the conformal radar antenna array that can be 
attached to the surface of the aircraft.  <br />
<img src="http://www.bestchinanews.com/1ydzximg/0JhzCPHB1Z" /><br />
<br />
Two-dimensional
 semiconductor materials generally have thermal stability, which makes 
it possible to control by chemical methods, the general method  It is a 
chemical vapor phase transport method that first synthesizes a 
semiconductor alloy block and then uses a mechanical lift-off method for
 preparation.<br />
<br />
In the case of dichalcogenide, the chemical vapor 
transport method refers to placing a single component powder material 
and a certain amount of transport reagent in a vacuum quartz tube, and 
the quartz tube is placed in a certain amount.<br />
The temperature gradient
 of the reaction tube, and finally placed one end in a high temperature 
environment, one end placed in a low temperature environment, in the low
 temperature area will grow alloy monomer ingots.<br />
By repeated 
mechanical stripping, a two-dimensional disulfide material can be 
produced on a substrate of about 30 nm, but this method is rough, time 
consuming, and difficult to mass produce.<br />
 Later, scientists invented 
physical vapor deposition and chemical vapor deposition.<br />
<br />
<img src="http://www.bestchinanews.com/1ydzximg/0JhzCPfbfa" /><br />
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Physical
 vapor deposition refers to the direct evaporation of a single component
 powder source at high temperatures and the deposition of condensation 
at low temperatures.  A single-layer two-dimensional semiconductor 
material is obtained, and the temperature gradient in the deposition 
zone is extremely critical. If the operation is normal, a 
two-dimensional semiconductor film is finally obtained.<br />
 Chemical vapor 
deposition refers to the use of an oxide and a material to be prepared 
as a reaction source, which is volatilized at a specific high 
temperature and undergoes a chemical reaction, and finally a film of a 
two-dimensional semiconductor material is deposited in the vicinity of 
the container.<br />
<br />
The research group of Professor Xu Yuzhen is to 
improve the chemical vapor deposition method, using 1,4-trisonitrile to 
synthesize nitrile trimerization at the interface between 
dichloromethane and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.  Two-dimensional 
containing triazine polymer, this two-dimensional polymer has excellent 
dispersibility in organic solvents.<br />
<br />
This makes it possible to form a 
flexible polymer film with a fixed size by simply filtering, and even 
more magically, it can be suitably fabricated into a field effect 
transistor device and directly used for various electronic semiconductor
 components.<br />
<br />
<img src="http://www.bestchinanews.com/1ydzximg/0JhzCPYtNW" /><br />
<br />
However, we should also see that the idea of developing this material
 is good, but it is still very practical.  The road to the far is going.
  Two-dimensional semiconductor materials can only exist in a small part
 of the laboratory, which is costly, and there is currently no way to 
solve the problem of large-scale manufacturing.<br />
<br />
If you can make a few 
millimeters at a time, it is already at the top of the world.  Moreover,
 the manufacture of a few millimeters has been to concentrate all the 
human and material resources of the entire laboratory for a long time.<br />
However, two-dimensional semiconductor materials are the development 
direction of future radar electronic systems, both China and the United 
States are engaged, but now they are just in their infancy.  <br />
<br />
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The nemesis of the stealth fighter?

New materials will increase the radar detection range by 50 times Modern combat is a war based on electronic technology. Whoever h...

KJ-600 carrier-borne early-warning plane

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijSPAxe4n8zTycuyLp3PIFflNlGbJqiKi-labsCh1k24an83jDOwWPUd2oq0cgMlFD-jTbJB6Lg0cCjUxKmFoc6XCGRE1HTYtyQLiaAIB5zRYwHzSB8zMbLZgY5Ss7E7Oqa9nYkrmGZx4/s1600/Kj-600++AWAC+can+detect+stealth+planes+from+over+200+miles+away.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="KJ-600 would be fitted an advanced active electronically scanned array, or AESA" border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="730" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijSPAxe4n8zTycuyLp3PIFflNlGbJqiKi-labsCh1k24an83jDOwWPUd2oq0cgMlFD-jTbJB6Lg0cCjUxKmFoc6XCGRE1HTYtyQLiaAIB5zRYwHzSB8zMbLZgY5Ss7E7Oqa9nYkrmGZx4/s1600/Kj-600++AWAC+can+detect+stealth+planes+from+over+200+miles+away.png" title="KJ-600 AESA" /></a></div>
   <span style="color: blue;"> <b>KJ-600 </b></span><a href="http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2130247/why-americas-stealth-jet-forces-should-fear-chinas-new" target="_blank">first building carrier-borne early-warning plane.</a><br />
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KJ-600 would be fitted an advanced active electronically scanned 
array, or AESA, radar which could enable it to spot stealth aircraft 
such as US F-22s and F-35s.<br />
<br />
Beijing-based military expert Li Jie said the new surveillance plane could also become a command centre in the air.<br />

“AESA can detect stealth fighters at a very long range,” Li said.<br />
<br />
US-based military website Eastern Arsenal reported last year that the
 KJ-600 was being built by Xi’an Aircraft Corporation, weighed 25-30 
tonnes, was powered by twin turboprop engines, and had a large AESA 
radar on its fuselage.<br />
<br />
AESA (Active Electronically Scanned Array) radar, which emits 
separate radio waves on different frequencies, on Navy ships. By rapidly
 changing frequencies, the radar is more difficult to fool. The system 
are apparently capable of locating a stealth aircraft within 220 miles.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://ndupress.ndu.edu/portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-55.pdf" target="blank">“It is the physics of longer wavelength and resonance that enables VHF and UHF radar to detect stealth aircraft,”</a> Westra wrote in his article, titled “Radar vs. Stealth.”<br />
<br />
<a href="http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/northrop-grummans-e-2d-advanced-hawkeye-the-us-navys-eyes-18794?pUHF-band%20radars" target="blank">operate
 at frequencies between 300 MHz and one GHz, which results in 
wavelengths that are between 10 centimeters and one meter long.</a> 
Typically, due to the physical characteristics of fighter-sized stealth 
aircraft, they must be optimized to defeat higher frequencies in the Ka,
 Ku, X, C and parts of the S-bands.<br />
<br />
There is a resonance effect that occurs when a feature on an 
aircraft — such as a tail-fin tip — is less than eight times the size of
 a particular frequency wavelength. That omnidirectional resonance 
effect produces a “step change” in an aircraft’s radar cross-section.<br />

Effectively, what that means is that small stealth aircraft that do 
not have the size or weight allowances for two feet or more of radar 
absorbent material coatings on every surface are forced to make trades 
as to which frequency bands they are optimized for.<br />
<br />
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    E-2 Hawkeye.<br />
<br />
Military analysts said photographs of the KJ-600 suggested it was 
very similar to the E-2 Hawkeye, the US’ all-weather, carrier-capable 
tactical airborne early-warning aircraft.<br />

Military analyst Zhou Chenming, also based in Beijing, said the 
KJ-600 radar system would put the plane on a par with US early-warning 
aircraft.<br />

“The biggest advantage of the KJ-600 is it’s equipped with a more 
sophisticated radar and communication system allowing it to monitor a 
wider range of signals and even detect stealth fighters in a certain 
angle,” Zhou said.<br />
<br />
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CCTV- Story of development Radars
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KJ-600 carrier-borne early-warning plane

KJ-600 first building carrier-borne early-warning plane. KJ-600 would be fitted an advanced active electronically scanned array, ...

Anti-stealth radars on display at the Zhuhai Airshow 2016

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<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">From left to right: <b>YLC-2A, JY-26 and JH-18</b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Note that CETC 
labelled the centre radar JY-26, even though it is completely different 
to the design shown in 2014.</span><br />
<br />
Although exhibited in public, data on the performance characteristics to
 back up the cutting-edge claims is less forthcoming. Anti-stealth 
radars typically operate at frequencies below 1GHz, because 
low-observable aircraft are designed
 to minimise their cross section to radars operating within radio 
spectrum covered by the IEEE S, C, and X bands (broadly 2-12 GHz).<br />
<br />
At lower frequencies, radar reflections increase as the wavelength 
becomes closer to the physical size of parts of the aircraft and also 
resonances may be induced in parts of the airframe by the radar pulse, 
increasing the aircraft's susceptibility to detection and tracking. <br />
<br />

The<b> JY-26 Skywatcher-U</b>, an active electronically scanned array (AESA)
 radar operating in the VHF/UHF frequencies, debuted at the Zhuhai Air 
Show in 2014. Developed by the 14th Institute (Nanjing Research 
Institute of Electronics Technology, or NRIET), the trailer-mounted 
radar allegedly has a 500km detection range and can track 500 targets 
simultaneously.<br />

Whilst in development in Shandong, operators claimed that it detected
 USAF F-22 fighters flying over South Korea. CETC states, ‘The radar is 
designed to meet air defence needs for decades to come,’ and that it is 
robust against jamming and electronic counter-countermeasures.<br />

Oddly, in Zhuhai this year CETC showed a completely different JY-26 
radar design without the distinctive ‘bubble wrap’ transmit receive 
modules seen in the 2014 example. It is unclear whether this change 
relates to mislabelling, disinformation or redesign, but the 
manufacturer stated the JY-26 was ‘developed to be a mainstay radar in a
 national air defence system for long-range surveillance and tactical 
missile defence’.<br />
<br />
The <b>YLC-2A</b> is a solid-state, L-band, 3-D long-range surveillance 
radar mounted on an 8x8 truck. CETC stated, ‘It can be used as a 
national-level backbone intelligence radar providing comprehensive 
information…’ It can also serve as a target indication radar for air 
defence weapons.<br />
<br />

The truck-mounted <b>JH-18</b> is a multifunction 3-D low-altitude 
surveillance radar dedicated to detecting air and sea surface targets. 
It is a phased-array system that fills gaps left by more powerful 
surveillance radars.<br />
<br />
<img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://www.janes.com/images/assets/452/65452/1692618_-_main.jpg" src="http://www.janes.com/images/assets/452/65452/1692618_-_main.jpg" /><br />
From left to right are the <b>JY-27A, YLC-8B, and SLC-7</b>. Source: Via dy.163.com<br />
<br /><br />
 <b>JY-27A</b> 3-D long-range surveillance/guidance radar. Operating in the 
VHF band, it adopts 2-D electronic scanning in azimuth and elevation. It
 is active phased array system, and it is stated to be 
resistant to jamming and with ‘high measurement accuracy’. The 
trailer-mounted radar is in service and has been spotted in Shigatse, 
Tibet, for example.
<br />
There are unverified claims that the radar can pick up hostile 
stealth fighters at ranges of up to 500km. If these reports are 
accurate, such Chinese radars could swiftly nullify the advantages of 
stealth aircraft. The JY-27A is also designed to address the ballistic 
missile threat. <br />
<br />
The Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) is at 
the forefront of CETC's programme and produced two of the units on 
display at the Zhuhai air show, the YLC-8B and SLC-7.<br />
<br />
While the <b>YLC-8B</b>, a 3-D surveillance radar that operates in the IEEE UHF band (300 Mhz-1 GHz), had already been exhibited at Zhuhai in 2014, the SLC-7 made its debut at the show this year.<br />The long-range, early-warning 
YLC-8B is a UHF-band 3-D radar that appeared in Zhuhai two years ago. It
 utilises full coherent digital-pulse compression and moving target 
detection technology.<br />
<br />
The <b>SLC-7</b> operates in the IEEE L-band (1-2 GHz). According to NRIET, it with digital scanning 
in azimuth and elevation, as well as mechanical scanning in azimuth.<br />
This was the first time this radar had been shown to the public.<br />
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It was ‘mainly for medium- and high-altitude, medium- 
and long-range target surveillance and indication tasks’. It is said to 
be able to detect stealth aircraft, cruise missiles and air-to-ground 
munitions out to a range of 300-400km.</div>
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 A CETC official was <a href="http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2041912/zhuhai-air-show-opens-j-20-stealth-fighter-likely-steal" target="_blank">quoted by the <em>South China Morning Post</em></a>,
 ‘The SLC-7 is the export model. We are going to target potential 
clients such as Pakistan, Egypt, Iran and some Middle East countries 
that see the USAF as their enemy. Of course, the same model used by the 
PLAAF is much more advanced than the SLC-7.’<br />
</div>
<br />

The <b>JY-50</b> is a 2-D passive radar for air surveillance and early warning in critical areas.<br />
<br />

Yet another radar system was the <b>JY-50</b>, this being a 2-D passive 
system. It was ‘mainly for air surveillance and early 
warning in silence of vital and critical areas’. This truck-mounted 
digital radar is claimed to have an ‘excellent stealth target detection 
capability’.<br />

China Electronics Corporation (CEC) is another radar manufacturer. 
The REL-4 is a long-range 3-D radar that operates in the L-band. This 
mechanically scanned system is used for target guidance and air 
surveillance. CEC said, ‘It can integrate and manage information from 
several radars to complete data fusion and to form an area network.’<br />
<br />
CETC reported in September that the country’s first single-photon 
quantum radar system could detect stealthy aircraft at a 100km range 
using quantum entanglement.<br />
Such quantum-based radars mounted on vehicles or aircraft could 
detect stealthy aircraft at long ranges . <br />
DARPA and Lockheed Martin are investing in 
similar radar technologies.<br />

CETC is working with scientists at the University of Science and 
Technology of China in Hefei, Anhui province, which has achieved many 
breakthroughs in quantum physics, including developing the world’s first
 quantum satellite.<br />
<br />

With regional countries such as India, Japan and South Korea joining 
the US in inducting stealth fighters in coming years, China’s radar 
capabilities, whether hyped up or not, will give them pause for 
thought.<br />

The exhibition of these radars at the Zhuhai Air Show also shows what
 technology is also available to export clients. <br />
<br /></div>

Anti-stealth radars on display at the Zhuhai Airshow 2016

From left to right: YLC-2A, JY-26 and JH-18 . Note that CETC labelled the centre radar JY-26, even though it is completely different ...

JF-17 upgraded version with KLJ-7A AESA radar

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<img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://techgenmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/JF17-turkey-05.jpg" height="378" src="http://techgenmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/JF17-turkey-05.jpg" width="640" /> <img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/images/JF-17_taxi.jpg" height="326" src="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/images/JF-17_taxi.jpg" width="640" /> <br />
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<b>KLJ-7A AESA for JF-17</b><br />
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<img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://img.supmil.net/data/attachment/forum/201610/31/173901ibubbb5u9ujyu1f9.jpg" height="483" src="http://img.supmil.net/data/attachment/forum/201610/31/173901ibubbb5u9ujyu1f9.jpg" width="640" /><br />
KLJ-7A is a AESA radar for JF-17 upgraded version, it's effective range is 170km<br />
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<img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://img.supmil.net/data/attachment/forum/201610/31/173608zxp5yd2y5zd6dbia.jpg" src="http://img.supmil.net/data/attachment/forum/201610/31/173608zxp5yd2y5zd6dbia.jpg" /><br />
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<img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://img.supmil.net/data/attachment/forum/201610/31/173743xvrjvv4pwdtwjkl9.jpg" src="http://img.supmil.net/data/attachment/forum/201610/31/173743xvrjvv4pwdtwjkl9.jpg" /><br />
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<img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://img.supmil.net/data/attachment/forum/201610/31/185951rxgl01eo23z80p0e.jpg" src="http://img.supmil.net/data/attachment/forum/201610/31/185951rxgl01eo23z80p0e.jpg" />
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<br />
It say KLJ-7A is a AESA specially designed for JF17 with performance equals to radar of F-35. Operational mode including: <br />
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<ul><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8741737005024151434" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8741737005024151434" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>
<li>Tracking and searching</li>
<li>Single/multiple targets tracking </li>
<li>Dogfight </li>
<li>Real beam mapping</li>
<li>Doppler beam sharpening</li>
<li>Synthetic aperture imaging</li>
<li>Identify and track moving ground targets</li>
<li>Sea targets searching and tracking</li>
<li>Meteorological mode</li>
<li>Missile guidance and multi targets attack mode </li>
<li><br />
</li>
<li> Merits </li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li> long detection range </li>
<li>High accuracy </li>
<li>Multi operational modes</li>
<li>Multi target processing ability</li>
</ol>
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<ol>
</ol>
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JF-17 upgraded version with KLJ-7A AESA radar

KLJ-7A AESA for JF-17 KLJ-7A is a AESA radar for JF-17 upgraded version, it's effective range is 170km ...

How to Kill A Stealth Fighter

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_u_wkDrj-TlbsEoqIKKQFyfZk_elrF6TZbFuGOgIuINyGqi9ukWdG8CtZB1SStKqmFrtW9MCzXvIAPjyl0aBNfGm-UzZSlMrA90exOA7OiJTLO0d1EX4cSHrtcrkm77TiIqYLEAtb8JQ/s1600/F-35C+conducts+flight+test+operations+aboard+USS+Dwight+D.+Eisenhower+in+October+2015.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_u_wkDrj-TlbsEoqIKKQFyfZk_elrF6TZbFuGOgIuINyGqi9ukWdG8CtZB1SStKqmFrtW9MCzXvIAPjyl0aBNfGm-UzZSlMrA90exOA7OiJTLO0d1EX4cSHrtcrkm77TiIqYLEAtb8JQ/s640/F-35C+conducts+flight+test+operations+aboard+USS+Dwight+D.+Eisenhower+in+October+2015.jpg" width="640" /></a>F-35C conducts flight test operations aboard USS <i>Dwight D. Eisenhower</i> in October 2015. U.S. Navy photo</div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>It all comes down to radar ... and a big enough missile.</b></span><b> </b></div>
<div class="post" itemprop="articleBody">
The United States has poured
 tens of billions of dollars into developing fifth-generation stealth 
fighters such as the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor and F-35 Joint Strike 
Fighter. However, relatively simple signal processing enhancements, 
combined with a missile with a large warhead and its own terminal 
guidance system, could potentially allow low-frequency radars and such 
weapons systems to target and fire on the latest generation U.S. 
aircraft.<br />
<br />
It is a well-known fact within Pentagon and industry circles that <a href="http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/look-out-america-china-can-un-stealth-us-fighter-jets-15293">low-frequency radars</a> operating in the<a href="http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/revealed-can-chinas-radars-track-americas-stealth-f-22-15261"> VHF and UHF bands can detect and track low-observable aircraft.</a>
 It has generally been held that such radars can’t guide a missile onto a
 target — i.e. generate a “weapons quality” track. But that is not 
exactly correct — there are ways to get around the problem, according to
 some experts.<br />
  <br />
Traditionally, guiding weapons with low frequency radars has been 
limited by two factors. One factor is the width of the radar beam, while
 the second is the width of the radar pulse — but both limitations can 
be overcome with signal processing.<br />
The width of the beam is directly related to the design of the 
antenna — which is necessarily large because of the low frequencies 
involved. Early low-frequency radars like the Soviet-built P-14 Tall 
King VHF-band radars was enormous in size and used a semi-parabolic 
shape to limit the width of the beam. Later radars like the P-18 Spoon 
Rest used a Yagi-Uda array — which were lighter and somewhat smaller.<br />
<br />
But these early low frequency radars had some serious limitations in 
determining the range and the precise direction of a contact. 
Furthermore, they could not determine altitude because the radar beams 
produced by these systems are several degrees wide in azimuth and tens 
of degrees wide in elevation.<br />
Another traditional limitation of VHF and UHF-band radars is that 
their pulse width is long and they have a low pulse repetition frequency
 [PRF] — which means such systems are poor at accurately determining 
range.<br />
<br />
<h6>
<a href="http://cdn.warisboring.com/images/20160224035655/2331074.jpg"><img alt="An F-35B Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter, Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 121, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing, performs a conventional take-off at the Strategic Expeditionary Landing Field during Exercise Steel Knight 2016 aboard the Combat Center, Dec. 11, 2015. This year’s iteration of Exercise Steel Knight works to advance 1st Marine Division’s warfighting capabilities, to include interoperability between the ground and air forces and integration of the F-35B. (Official Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. Levi Schultz/Released)" class="size-full wp-image-12408" height="426" src="http://cdn.warisboring.com/images/20160224035655/2331074.jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">F-35B takes off in December 2015. U.S. Marine Corps photo. </span></span></h6>
<br />
As Mike Pietrucha, a former Air Force an electronic warfare officer 
who flew on the McDonnell Douglas F-4G Wild Weasel and Boeing F-15E 
Strike Eagle once described to me, a pulse width of 20 microseconds 
yields a pulse that is roughly 19,600 feet long — range resolution is 
half the length of that pulse.  That means that range can’t be 
determined accurately within 10,000 feet. Furthermore, two targets near 
one another can’t be distinguished as separate contacts.<br />
<br />
Signal processing partially solved the range resolution problem as 
early as in the 1970s. The key is a process called frequency modulation 
on pulse, which is used to compress a radar pulse.<br />
The advantage of using pulse compression is that with a 
20-microsecond pulse, the range resolution is reduced to about 180 feet 
or so. There are also several other techniques that can be used to 
compress a radar pulse such as phase shift keying. Indeed, according to 
Pietrucha, the technology for pulse compression is decades old and was 
taught to Air Force electronic warfare officers during the 1980s.<br />
<br />
The computer processing power required for this is negligible by current standards, Pietrucha said.<br />
Engineers solved the problem of directional or azimuth resolution by 
using phased array radar designs, which dispensed with the need for a 
parabolic array. Unlike older mechanically scanned arrays, phased array 
radars steer their radar beams electronically. Such radars can generate 
multiple beams and can shape those beams for width, sweep rate and other
 characteristics.<br />
  <br />
The
 necessary computing power to accomplish that task was available in the 
late 1970s for what eventually became the Navy’s Aegis combat system 
found on the <i>Ticonderoga</i>-class cruisers and <i>Arleigh Burke</i>-class destroyers. An active electronically scanned array is better still, being even more precise.<br />
<br />
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-lang="en">
<div dir="ltr" lang="en">
The secret to "killing" an F-35 strike fighter: <a href="https://t.co/I7XTqAxq2Z">https://t.co/I7XTqAxq2Z</a> <a href="https://t.co/JiyTs00oI9">pic.twitter.com/JiyTs00oI9</a></div>
— National Interest (@TheNatlInterest) <a href="https://twitter.com/TheNatlInterest/status/702773828494168064">February 25, 2016</a></blockquote>
<script async="" charset="utf-8" src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script>
<br />
With a missile warhead large enough, the range resolution does not 
have to be precise. For example, the now antiquated S-75 Dvina — known 
in NATO parlance as the SA-2 Guideline — has a 440-pound warhead with a 
lethal radius of more than 100 feet. Thus, a notional 20-microsecond 
compressed pulse with a range resolution of 150 feet should have the 
range resolution to get the warhead close enough — according to 
Pietrucha’s theory.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1846030625/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=1846030625&linkCode=as2&tag=waisbo-20&linkId=32SMSXFON67QMWDG" rel="nofollow"><img alt="" border="0" class="alignright" height="320" src="http://ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=1846030625&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=US&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=waisbo-20" width="237" /></a> <br />
<br />
The directional and elevation resolution would have to be similar 
with an angular resolution of roughly 0.3 degrees for a target at 
30 nautical miles because the launching radar is the only system guiding
 the SA-2. For example, a missile equipped with its own sensor — perhaps
 an infrared sensor with a scan volume of a cubic kilometer — would be 
an even more dangerous foe against an F-22 or F-35.<br />
<i><i><span class="legend-default">Dave Majumdar</span>.</i> The defense editor for the National Interest. </i><br />
<i>You can follow him on Twitter: @davemajumdar</i></div>
<br /></div>

How to Kill A Stealth Fighter

F-35C conducts flight test operations aboard USS Dwight D. Eisenhower in October 2015. U.S. Navy photo It all comes down to radar ......

Errymath

New AESA radar for JF-17

The nemesis of the stealth fighter?

KJ-600 carrier-borne early-warning plane

Anti-stealth radars on display at the Zhuhai Airshow 2016

JF-17 upgraded version with KLJ-7A AESA radar

How to Kill A Stealth Fighter

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