Errymath: graphene

Super wood that is as robust as STEEL could be the building material of the future, claim scientists

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A new wonder material has been 
created from a surprisingly traditional source. Super wood is as robust 
as steel and six times lighter. Scientists put the material through its 
paces in ballistic tests and found that a specially laminated version 
can stop a projectile in its tracks<br />
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<div class="mol-para-with-font" id="ext-gen133">
Super wood that is as 
robust as steel and six times lighter could be a renewable construction 
material for the future, according to scientists.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
Planks
 of the reinforced lumber, which researchers have compared to 
carbon-fibre, could be used to create anything from buildings and cars 
to bullet proof jackets.</div>
<div>
Scientists
 put the material through its paces in ballistic tests and found that a 
laminated version could even stop a projectile in its tracks.<span style="font-size: 16px;"> </span></div>
</div>
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<div class="mol-para-with-font" id="ext-gen132">
Engineers at the 
University of Maryland created their super dense wood by boiling blocks 
of regular wood in a water-based solution, containing the 
chemicals sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfite.</div>
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This process removed  organic compounds in the wood that give its structure and rigidity, making it more pliable.</div>
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It is similar to the initial stages of treating wood to create paper. </div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
The
 team then pressed the softened wood between two metal plates, heated to
 100°C (212°F), at 50 times the atmospheric pressure of the Earth. </div>
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By doing so,  all of the gaps between cells in the wood were squeezed together.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The pressure creates a chemical bond between the atoms that make up the wood's cellular structure.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
It shrunk the size of the block to around one fifth of its original thickness, increasing its density by 300 per cent. </div>
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-lang="en">
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Super Wood Could Replace Steel <a href="https://t.co/pib0NnRzjF">https://t.co/pib0NnRzjF</a> <a href="https://t.co/sggPICLiv8">pic.twitter.com/sggPICLiv8</a></div>
— ScienceDaily (@ScienceDaily) <a href="https://twitter.com/ScienceDaily/status/962036153942654977?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">February 9, 2018</a></blockquote>
<script async="" charset="utf-8" src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script>

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Stronger than steel, able to stop a speeding bullet—it’s super wood! <a href="https://t.co/oxH8EUEiJL">https://t.co/oxH8EUEiJL</a> <a href="https://t.co/vMNZcQnILg">pic.twitter.com/vMNZcQnILg</a></div>
— Scientific American (@sciam) <a href="https://twitter.com/sciam/status/961313726698795008?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">February 7, 2018</a></blockquote>
<script async="" charset="utf-8" src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script>

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<div class="mol-para-with-font" id="ext-gen129">
Liangbing
 Hu, who led the research, said: 'This new way to treat wood makes it 12
 times stronger than natural wood and ten times tougher.</div>
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'This could be a competitor to steel or even titanium alloys, it is so strong and durable. </div>
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'It's also comparable to carbon fiber, but much less expensive. </div>
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The team tested the new wood material and natural wood by shooting bullet-like projectiles at it. </div>
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Engineers at the University of 
Maryland created their super wood by boiling blocks of regular wood in a
 water-based solution containing the chemicals sodium hydroxide and 
sodium sulfite</div>
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<img alt="This process removed organic compounds in the wood that give its structure and rigidity, making it more pliable. This image shows the treatment process used" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="582" id="i-df695eec36408ece" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2018/02/08/16/48FFC53000000578-5367937-image-a-3_1518108455675.jpg" width="634" /><br />
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This process removed organic 
compounds in the wood that give its structure and rigidity, making it 
more pliable. This image shows the treatment process used</div>
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The
 projectile blew straight through the natural wood, while a single layer
 of the treated wood slowed the projectile's progress.</div>
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A
 third laminated version, consisting of layers of five-layers of the 
densified wood, was penetrated by the projectile but stopped it 
from exiting.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" id="ext-gen134">
Dr Hu's research team has explored the capacities of wood's natural nanotechnology in the past.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
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<div class="mol-para-with-font" id="ext-gen138">
They have previously made a range of technologies out of nanocellulose related materials.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
This
 has included super clear paper for replacing plastic, photonic paper 
for improving solar cell efficiency by 30 per cent and transparent wood 
for energy efficient buildings.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
The full findings of the latest study were published in the journal <a class="" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25476" rel="nofollow" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Nature</a>.</div>
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<img alt="The pressure creates a chemical bond between the atoms that make up the wood's cellular structure. It shrunk the size of the block to around one fifth of its original thickness, increasing its density by 300 per cent. This image shows the changes in the various wood samples" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="490" id="i-ca111eec6bb48001" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2018/02/08/16/48FFC53700000578-5367937-image-a-4_1518108582049.jpg" width="634" /><br />
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The pressure creates a chemical 
bond between the atoms that make up the wood's cellular structure. It 
shrunk the size of the block to around one fifth of its original 
thickness, increasing its density by 300 per cent. This image shows the 
changes in the various wood samples</div>
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<img alt="The team tested the new wood material and natural wood by shooting bullet-like projectiles at it. This image shows the results of those tests" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="359" id="i-202fd037122971ac" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2018/02/08/16/48FFC54700000578-5367937-image-a-5_1518108616586.jpg" width="634" /><br />
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The team tested 
the new wood material and natural wood by shooting bullet-like 
projectiles at it. This image shows the results of those tests</div>
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<h3 class="mol-factbox-title">
<span style="background-color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">WHAT IS THE STRONGEST   MAN-MADE MATERIAL?</span><span style="background-color: black;"></span></span><span style="background-color: #073763;"></span></span></h3>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;">For years, researchers have known that carbon, when arranged in a certain way, can be very strong.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Two  man-made materials based on carbon, Graphene and Carbyne, are among the strongest in the world.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Carbyne is linear acetylenic carbon, or an infinitely long carbon chain.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Its existence was first proposed in 1885 by Adolf von Baeyer, who warned it would remain elusive due to extreme instability.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Carbyne
 is a one-dimensional form of carbon and is thought to be 40 times 
stiffer than diamond and twice as stiff as graphene, outperforming all 
other carbon materials in strength.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;">After
 eluding scientists for more than 50 years, a team of researchers found a
 way to not only synthesize carbyne, but to mass produce it, in April 
2016.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Graphene,
 a single atomic layer of carbon atoms bound in a hexagonal network, was
 previously thought to be the strongest man-made substance.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;">It
 not only promises to revolutionize semiconductor, sensor, and display 
technology, but could also lead to breakthroughs in fundamental quantum 
physics research.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;">It is often depicted as an atomic-scale chicken wire made of carbon atoms and their bonds.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
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Graphene, the world’s strongest material, is a million times thinner than paper but 200 times stronger than steel. <a href="https://t.co/E2CojwHFWY">pic.twitter.com/E2CojwHFWY</a></div>
— World and Science (@WorldAndScience) <a href="https://twitter.com/WorldAndScience/status/960060470496563200?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">February 4, 2018</a></blockquote>
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Water-soluble warped nanographene - Graphene and its nano-sized little sibling, nanographene, are well known for their remarkable photoelectronic properties. However, biomedical applications are hampered by the insolubility of the materials, especiall... <a href="https://t.co/Rb2lXJiVDT">https://t.co/Rb2lXJiVDT</a></div>
— Arun Swamy (@Gemini_72) <a href="https://twitter.com/Gemini_72/status/962027332549554177?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">February 9, 2018</a></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: small;">                                                            </span></div>
<blockquote style="text-align: left;">
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;">Scientists 
believe it could one day be used to make transparent conducting 
materials, biomedical sensors and even extremely light, yet strong, 
aircraft of the future.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;">Similar
 to another important nanomaterial - carbon nanotubes - graphene is 
incredibly strong - around 200 times stronger than structural steel.  </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;">While
 notable for its thinness and unique electrical properties, it’s very 
difficult to create useful, three-dimensional materials out of graphene.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;">In
 January, 2017, a team of MIT researchers discovered that taking small 
flakes of graphene and fusing them following a mesh-like structure not 
only retains the material’s strength, but the graphene also remains 
porous. </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: small;">Based on experiments conducted
 on 3D printed models, they determined that this new material can be 
used to make objects 10 times stronger than steel, with only five per 
cent of its density. </span></div>
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Super wood that is as robust as STEEL could be the building material of the future, claim scientists

A new wonder material has been created from a surprisingly traditional source. Super wood is as robust as steel and six times lighter....

Graphene sieve turns seawater into drinking water

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ2j8t_bzhM7PZGDGK42L7nfbiuNwllUQjQ_EbFV4MeWFc41n5BxG6WOoLWITwzzCdDpSpZKekTNsYiFHvEQZPRaF79-1eeaBconM6qtCg4XicyPSHwK88HTWRM2yVd2IlUAKwijTnWK8/s1600/graphene+finally+have+a+use+by+making+seawater+drinkable.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ2j8t_bzhM7PZGDGK42L7nfbiuNwllUQjQ_EbFV4MeWFc41n5BxG6WOoLWITwzzCdDpSpZKekTNsYiFHvEQZPRaF79-1eeaBconM6qtCg4XicyPSHwK88HTWRM2yVd2IlUAKwijTnWK8/s640/graphene+finally+have+a+use+by+making+seawater+drinkable.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
    © Mark Tipple / Getty Images    
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<div class="article__summary summary ">
Water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink? The Rime of 
the Ancient Mariner may soon be left redundant now that scientists have 
devised a sieve made of ‘miracle material’ graphene capable of removing 
salt molecules from seawater, rendering it safe to drink.

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<div class="article__text text  js-mediator-article">
When 
it was discovered by Andre Geim and his colleague Konstantin Novoselov, 
physics professors working at Manchester University around 2004, 
graphene was hailed as a ground-breaking discovery, with the media 
calling it a <i>“wonder material.”</i><br />
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-lang="en">
<div dir="ltr" lang="en">
Scientists Have Invented a Graphene-Based Sieve That Turns Seawater Into Drinking Water <a href="https://t.co/jg2CklldQd">https://t.co/jg2CklldQd</a></div>
— ScienceAlert (@ScienceAlert) <a href="https://twitter.com/ScienceAlert/status/849110024702095361">April 4, 2017</a></blockquote>
<script async="" charset="utf-8" src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script>
The Guardian once suggested it <i>“could change the world”</i>
 because theoretically the unique properties of the thinnest material on
 Earth could allow it to carry 1,000 times more electricity than copper 
and thus make it a replacement for silicon in computer chips.<br />
Graphene
 is also thought to be 150 times stronger than the equivalent weight of 
steel, effectively making it the strongest-measured material in 
existence.<br />
It is also as flexible as rubber and can stretch to more than 100 percent of its length.<br />
<br />
It seemed, however, that no one could find a real everyday use for graphene – until now, that is.<br />
Graphene
 finally appears to have found its scope in the world as a UK-based 
group of researchers used it to produce a filter that could offer a 
solution to millions of people dying of thirst.<br />
The Manchester 
University researchers developed a graphene oxide membrane that is able 
to sieve nanoparticles and organic molecules. Earlier designs were only 
capable of catching larger salts.<br />
<br />
It was previously believed that 
single-layered graphene membranes would be too expensive to produce for 
the purposes of distillation. However, lead researcher Rahul Nair says 
graphene oxide is easily produced in a laboratory.<br />
<i>“In terms of scalability and the cost of the material, graphene oxide has a potential advantage over single-layered graphene,”</i> Nair said, according to the BBC.<br />
Nair stressed the importance of the pores being just the right 
size to capture the salt molecules while releasing the water ones.<br />
<br />
<i>“To make it permeable, you need to drill small holes in the membrane.</i><i></i><br />
<i>“But if the hole size is larger than one nanometre, the salts go through that hole.</i><br />
“You have to make a membrane with a very uniform less-than-one-nanometre hole size to make it useful for desalination.<br />
<br />
<i>“It is a really challenging job,”</i> he added.<br />
The
 graphene oxide membrane previously showed signs of swelling when dipped
 into water, meaning smaller salts could still permeate. By adding walls
 of epoxy resin on either side of the membrane, however, scientists 
found they could stop the pores expanding.<br />
<i>“This is our first 
demonstration that we can control the spacing [of pores in the membrane]
 and that we can do desalination, which was not possible before.</i><br />
<br />
<i>“The next step is to compare this with the state-of-the-art material available on the market.”</i><br />
Up
 to 14 percent of the world’s population will struggle with water supply
 by 2025, according to the United Nations. WaterAid claims one in 10 
people already live without safe water.<br />
As climate change takes its toll, more countries are likely to consider investing in desalination technologies.<br />
Desalination
 plants currently use polymer-based membranes. However, it is hoped that
 graphene oxide will prove more efficient, scaling up water distillation
 around the world, especially in poor regions where such facilities are 
prohibitively expensive.<br />
<br />
Following news of the ground-breaking 
research, Ram Devanathan, from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
 in Richland, US, said more work needs to be done to produce the 
membranes inexpensively on an industrial scale.<br />
Writing in the Nature Nanotechnology science journal, Devanathan said: <i>“The
 selective separation of water molecules from ions by physical 
restriction of interlayer spacing opens the door to the synthesis of 
inexpensive membranes for desalination.”</i></div>
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<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-lang="en">
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Graphene used to sieve salts from seawater <a href="https://t.co/2FjoYwreXv">https://t.co/2FjoYwreXv</a> <a href="https://t.co/wLg8BFfpuE">pic.twitter.com/wLg8BFfpuE</a></div>
— TechCrunch (@TechCrunch) <a href="https://twitter.com/TechCrunch/status/849352138891419648">April 4, 2017</a></blockquote>
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Graphene sieve turns seawater into drinking water

'Miracle material' graphene can now be made with COOKING OIL

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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheODAtVbmnMS6lyV7FO7YXMz51i4n7kxvCjr1NzuSJ4oLarhn-sEQzEzgVQBTe2kLgwBkvI8oVqU-gVte-d5vp996_6Zp51buEIh-8Zb9BdIKCYPCIxDw7jLAu5U6vVFgR3jBb4y3hR38/s1600/3ABFBA3D00000578-3971284-image-a-8_1480087130347.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheODAtVbmnMS6lyV7FO7YXMz51i4n7kxvCjr1NzuSJ4oLarhn-sEQzEzgVQBTe2kLgwBkvI8oVqU-gVte-d5vp996_6Zp51buEIh-8Zb9BdIKCYPCIxDw7jLAu5U6vVFgR3jBb4y3hR38/s640/3ABFBA3D00000578-3971284-image-a-8_1480087130347.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Graphic shows the molecular structure of graphene, which researchers have compared to chicken wire</span></td></tr>
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<h1 id="ext-gen160">
It's 200 times stronger than steel.</h1>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
Researchers have turned everyday cooking oil into the wonder material graphene.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
The new technique could make the typically pricey nanomaterial ten times cheaper to produce.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
It
 also provides scientists with an inventive new way to recycle waste 
oil, while producing <b>a material that is 200 times stronger than steel. </b></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
The material could be used to create everything from quantum computers to flexible television displays.  </div>
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<img alt=" Researchers have turned everyday cooking oil into the wonder material graphene. The new technique could make the typically pricey nanomaterial far cheaper to produce. Image shows researcher Dr Dong Han Seo, co-author of the study, holding a small piece of graphene film" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="423" id="i-2bae0d071db6a440" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/02/01/14/3CB9950D00000578-4179670-The_researchers_can_currently_only_make_a_sheet_of_graphene_arou-a-22_1485959463090.jpg" style="display: block;" width="634" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-1">
  
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 Researchers have turned everyday 
cooking oil into the wonder material graphene. The new technique could 
make the typically pricey nanomaterial far cheaper to produce. Image 
shows researcher Dr Dong Han Seo, co-author of the study, holding a 
small piece of graphene film</div>
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Graphene is a single sheet of carbon atoms that is incredibly strong and thin.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
It is 200 times stronger than steel, harder than diamond, and bends like malleable plastic.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
The material conducts electricity better than copper, and could be used to make high-powered, flexible TV screens and phones.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" id="ext-gen155">
Scientists
 from Canberra, Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial 
Research Organisation (CSIRO) have now made graphene using cheap soybean
 cooking oil.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
'One of the limiting 
factors in utilising graphene is the high price compared to other 
materials,' said lead researcher Dr Zhao Jun Han.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
'If we reduce the price, we can promote its application.'</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" id="ext-gen158">
With
 a cheaper, quicker way to produce graphene than ever before, the 
researchers hope that their finding can kick start a graphene 
revolution.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
<br /><div class="mol-para-with-font">
They are calling their new technique 'GraphAir'.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
The
 method involves heating soybean cooking oil in a tube furnace for 
around 30 minutes, causing it to break down into its basic carbon 
building blocks.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<br /></div>
<div class="artSplitter mol-img-group">
    <div class="mol-img">
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<img alt="Graphene is a single sheet of carbon atoms that is incredibly strong and thin. It is 200 times stronger than steel, harder than diamond, and bends like malleable plastic. Graphene could be used to make roll-up flexible TV screens, such as this 18-inch LG display unveiled last year" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="423" id="i-d509b8bd2a0fc45b" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/11/25/16/3AC00FFD00000578-3971284-image-a-17_1480090045088.jpg" style="display: block;" width="634" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-2">
  
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<div class="imageCaption">
Graphene is a single sheet of carbon 
atoms that is incredibly strong and thin. It is 200 times stronger than 
steel, harder than diamond, and bends like malleable plastic. Graphene 
could be used to make roll-up flexible TV screens, such as this 18-inch 
LG display unveiled last year</div>
</div>
<div class="artSplitter mol-img-group">
    <div class="mol-img">
    <div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="cursor: pointer;">
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 class="mol-factbox-title">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">GRAPHENE'S APPLICATIONS </span></h3>
</blockquote>
<div class="ins cleared mol-factbox-body">
<blockquote>
                                <div class="mol-para-with-font">
- In May 2016 a Chinese company created bendable smart phones made from graphene that could be worn like a futuristic bracelet.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
-
 Graphene is also being used to fight superbugs: In March this year it 
was found that the wonder material could be used to fight infections if 
coated on surgeons' tools because of its germ-killing properties.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
-
 Ribbons of the high tech material could even be strapped to plane wings
 to keep them free of ice in flight: In January 2016 scientists from 
Rice University proved that the material has electrothermal properties.</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<br /></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
The heated carbon is then cooled down on a nickel foil where it settles as a thin square of graphene just one atom thick.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
This
  method is far quicker than the conventional technique, which  must use
 purified materials fused at intense temperatures in a vacuum over 
several hours.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
At one carbon atom thick, graphene is 80,000 times thinner than a human hair. </div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
As
 well as its impressive physical properties, the material can be 
utilised as a powerful superconductor that carries electricity with zero
 resistance.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<br /></div>
<div class="moduleFull">
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</div>
</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font imageCaption mol-style-caption">
Graphene-based
 pixels could change colour as they change shape, as illustrated in this
 graphic. These pixels could one day help to build more durable and 
energy-efficient display screens. <i> dailymail</i></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font imageCaption mol-style-caption">
<br /></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
A study last year found that graphene could be used to make phone batteries that last 25 per cent longer.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
The material could also be used to filter pollution out of the air. </div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
But
 until a cost-effective method of making graphene is found, it will be 
decades before it can be used in everyday phones and TVs.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
And the Australian team hope that their technique can bring that date forward.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
The
 researchers can currently only make a sheet of graphene around the size
 of a credit card but hope to refine their technique in future.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
'The
 potential is enormous,' David Officer, a graphene expert from 
Australia's University of Wollongong, who wasn't involved in the study, 
told Australian broadcaster <a class="" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-31/scientists-cook-up-super-strong-graphene-out-of-soybean-oil/8223686" rel="nofollow" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">ABC</a>.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
'[But]
 the question will be whether you can economically scale a method like 
this, where they've sealed it inside a furnace tube, to create and 
handle metre-sized films.' <i> dailymail</i></div>

<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="tab-stops: 400.1pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></div>
                                                              <br />
<div class="art-ins mol-factbox sciencetech" data-version="2" id="mol-196da3a0-e88c-11e6-afd1-b7ee7180dd9c">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 class="mol-factbox-title">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">WHAT IS GRAPHENE? </span></h3>
<div class="ins cleared mol-factbox-body">
                                <div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Graphene is a single atomic layer of carbon atoms bound in a hexagonal network.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">It
 not only promises to revolutionize semiconductor, sensor, and display 
technology, but could also lead to breakthroughs in fundamental quantum 
physics research.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">It is often depicted as an atomic-scale chicken wire made of carbon atoms and their bonds.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Scientists
 believe it could one day be used to make transparent conducting 
materials, biomedical sensors and even extremely light, yet strong, 
aircraft of the future.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" id="ext-gen159">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Similar
 to another important nanomaterial - carbon nanotubes - graphene is 
incredibly strong - around 200 times stronger than structural steel. </span></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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'Miracle material' graphene can now be made with COOKING OIL

Graphic shows the molecular structure of graphene, which researchers have compared to chicken wire It's 200 times stronger than s...

Scientists feed graphene to silkworms to produce extra-durable fibres for hi-tech

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Q_5vuRnD72Ky0XLYK59EF4W61cxffsTsB-KGksuX7uqZwwoncgmizawpXSq54Q_0wM6a3CwIbjh5HsmY8yISlBuGB7fcz_iAHrqv613XQ1uAFaeRJFUen7KqietX3Y4sY0Kfns23v_w/s1600/Silkworms+feeding+them+carbon+nanotubes+and+graphene+reinforces+the+silk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Q_5vuRnD72Ky0XLYK59EF4W61cxffsTsB-KGksuX7uqZwwoncgmizawpXSq54Q_0wM6a3CwIbjh5HsmY8yISlBuGB7fcz_iAHrqv613XQ1uAFaeRJFUen7KqietX3Y4sY0Kfns23v_w/s640/Silkworms+feeding+them+carbon+nanotubes+and+graphene+reinforces+the+silk.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
    © Hereward Holland / Reuters <br />
    Silkworms feeding them carbon nanotubes and graphene reinforces the silk.<br />
<br />
<img alt="20161005lnp1-silkworm" class="cq-dd-image" src="http://cen.acs.org/content/cen/articles/94/web/2016/10/Silkworms-eat-carbon-nanotubes-graphene/_jcr_content/articlebody/subpar/articlemedia_1.img.jpg/1475696195490.jpg" title="20161005lnp1-silkworm" /><br />
<div class="text">
            Feeding silkworms mulberry leaves sprayed with carbon 
nanomaterials yields strong silk strands that conduct electricity.</div>
<div class="credit">
Credit: SarDiuS/Shutterstock</div>

<br />
<div class="article__summary summary ">
Researchers have figured out a way of creating superstrong silk by changing silkworm’s diets.

</div>
Silkworms
 spin their delicate threads from silk protein produced in their 
salivary glands. Scientists have now discovered that feeding them carbon
 nanotubes and graphene reinforces the silk that the larvae produce, 
resulting in <i>“Spiderman-strength”</i> threads, Chemical & Engineering News has <a href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/94/web/2016/10/Silkworms-eat-carbon-nanotubes-graphene.html">reported</a>.<br />
The discovery is an <i>“easy way to produce high-strength silk fibers on a large scale,”</i> materials scientist Yaopeng Zhang told the outlet.<br />
<br />
<img alt="Reuters/Stefan Wermuth" class="media__item " height="359" src="https://img.rt.com/files/news/3e/8d/d0/00/24354567.jpg" width="640" /> <br />
<i>Reuters/Stefan Wermuth / Reuters</i>  <br />
The spiders sprayed with carbon nanotubes created the toughest
  silk – around 3.5 times stronger than the best natural silk, spun
  by the giant riverine orb spider.
<br />
According to the researchers, the upper-strength capacity of the
  webs created by the spiders was <i>“the highest reported to
  date, even when compared to the current knotted fibers.”</i><br />
  <img alt="spiderman spider man mind blown" class="a-gif" data-absolute-url="/gifs/community-spiderman-telltale-11qAyKz9AbFEYM" data-bitly_gif_url="http://gph.is/1EllS07" data-edit-url="/gifs/community-spiderman-telltale-11qAyKz9AbFEYM/edit" data-gif_id="11qAyKz9AbFEYM" data-id="11qAyKz9AbFEYM" data-image_url="https://media.giphy.com/media/11qAyKz9AbFEYM/giphy.gif" data-mp4_url="https://media.giphy.com/media/11qAyKz9AbFEYM/giphy.mp4" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" data-padding-top="61" data-preview-image-url="https://media.giphy.com/media/11qAyKz9AbFEYM/100.gif" data-still="https://media.giphy.com/media/11qAyKz9AbFEYM/giphy_s.gif" data-tumblr_share_url="https://media.giphy.com/media/11qAyKz9AbFEYM/giphy-tumblr.gif" height="486.0" id="gif" src="https://media.giphy.com/media/11qAyKz9AbFEYM/giphy.gif" style="height: 486.0px; width: 864px;" width="864" /><br />
 <a href="https://giphy.com/gifs/community-spiderman-telltale-11qAyKz9AbFEYM">via GIPHY</a><br />
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The
 extra strong silk could be used in a variety of different ways 
including on protective fabrics, biodegradable medical implants and 
wearable electronics.<br />
<b><br /></b>
Researchers
 from Tsinghua University fed the worms mulberry leaves, their food of 
choice, sprayed with solutions containing 0.2 percent of carbon 
nanotubes or graphene.<br />
They then collected the silk from their cocoons as is normal in the silk-making process.<br />
It
 was found that, unlike regular silk, the beefed up version conducts 
electricity and can withstand at least 50 percent more stress before 
breaking.<br />
<br />
 <img alt="spiderman spider man" class="a-gif" data-absolute-url="/gifs/spider-man-spiderman-IbOObOgsawQkU" data-bitly_gif_url="http://gph.is/1EltFer" data-edit-url="/gifs/spider-man-spiderman-IbOObOgsawQkU/edit" data-gif_id="IbOObOgsawQkU" data-id="IbOObOgsawQkU" data-image_url="https://media.giphy.com/media/IbOObOgsawQkU/giphy.gif" data-mp4_url="https://media.giphy.com/media/IbOObOgsawQkU/giphy.mp4" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="277" data-padding-top="107" data-preview-image-url="https://media.giphy.com/media/IbOObOgsawQkU/100.gif" data-still="https://media.giphy.com/media/IbOObOgsawQkU/giphy_s.gif" data-tumblr_share_url="https://media.giphy.com/media/IbOObOgsawQkU/giphy-tumblr.gif" height="483" id="gif" src="https://media.giphy.com/media/IbOObOgsawQkU/giphy.gif" style="height: 483px; width: 497px;" width="497" /><br />
<a href="https://giphy.com/gifs/spider-man-spiderman-oit9mu0v5LqzC"> via GIPHY</a><br />
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The method is also simpler and more environmentally friendly than treating already spun silk.<br />
Scientists
 still aren’t exactly sure how the silkworms incorporate the 
reinforcements into silk. Or how much of it actually makes it into the 
silk as opposed to being excreted or absorbed into other parts of the 
body. <i>rt</i><br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Graphene</span></b><br />
One-atom-thick graphene is the world’s thinnest, but also
  strongest, material – 200 times tougher than steel. It is also
  the world’s best conductor of electricity. Knowing that graphene
  is impermeable to even the smallest of atoms, hydrogen, Geim's
  team decided to test whether protons, or hydrogen atoms stripped
  of their electrons, were also repelled. They were left pleasantly
  surprised.
<br />
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Scientists feed graphene to silkworms to produce extra-durable fibres for hi-tech

New way of converting electricity into light using graphene could make microchips a MILLION times faster

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In terms of practical uses, the 
researchers suggest that this way of generating light could be used in 
microchip technology. Using light instead of flowing electrons to move 
and store data could push operating speeds up to vastly higher levels 
than those achieved by today's chips<br />
<br />
<br />
<div itemprop="articleBody">
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span id="ext-gen133" style="font-size: 1.2em;">When an airplane begins to move faster than the speed of sound, it creates a shock-wave that produces a  'sonic boom'.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Researchers from <a class="" href="http://news.mit.edu/2016/new-way-turn-electricity-light-using-graphene-0613" rel="nofollow" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>
 (MIT) have now discovered a similar process in a sheet of graphene, 
creating an intense beam of light which they describe as an 'optical 
boom'.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">This
 form of intense light production could be used to power microchips in 
the next two years - and it promises to make them up to a million times 
faster. </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<br /></div>
<div class="artSplitter mol-img-group">
    <div class="mol-img">
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<img alt="Electrons that move faster than the speed of slowed-down light emit particles in two directions, shown as the red lines, on the sheet of graphene, the blue lattice. This creates the  optical equivalent of a "sonic boom"" class="blkBorder img-share" height="423" id="i-819d88af881e6733" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/06/14/11/3541E9DA00000578-3640649-image-a-44_1465899532403.jpg" width="634" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-1">
  
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
Electrons that move faster than the 
speed of slowed-down light emit particles in two directions, shown as 
the red lines, on the sheet of graphene, the blue lattice. This creates 
the  optical equivalent of a 'sonic boom'</div>
</div>
<div class="art-ins mol-factbox floatRHS sciencetech" id="df5477e0-3231-11e6-8889-792f0a2221a7">
 </div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The
 researchers found that when light strikes a sheet of graphene - a 
two-dimensional form a carbon - it can be slowed right down.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Coincidentally,
 the reduced speed of photons - particles of light - moving through the 
sheet of graphene happened to be very close to the speed of electrons as
 they moved through the same material.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<br /></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">These two speeds were similar enough that significant interactions might occur between the two kinds of particles. </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">That
 combination of properties - slowing down light and allowing electrons 
to move very fast - is one of the unusual properties of graphene.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">However,
 instead of trapping light, the researchers think these findings could 
be used to produce the opposite effect - to produce light.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Marin
 Soljačić, one of the scientists involved, said: 'This conversion is 
made possible because the electronic speed can approach the light speed 
in graphene, breaking the light barrier. </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">'In the case of graphene, this leads to the emission of a shock-wave of light, trapped in two dimensions.'</span></div>
<div>
<div class="related-carousel with-fb sciencetech half" data-track-module="am-related_carousel^related_carousel" data-track-pos="static" data-track-selector=".rotator-panels a:not([class*=external])" id="p-16">
 </div>
</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">This phenomenon is called the Čerenkov effect, which was first described 80 years ago by Soviet physicist Pavel Čerenkov. </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Until
 now, the effect had not been considered relevant to technology on 
Earth, because it only works when objects are moving close to the speed 
of light.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">However,
 the slowing of light inside a graphene sheet provided the opportunity 
to harness this effect in a practical form, the researchers say. </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">In terms of practical uses, the researchers suggest that this way of generating light could be used in microchip technology. </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Using
 light instead of flowing electrons to move and store data could push 
operating speeds up to vastly higher levels than those achieved by 
today's chips. </span></div>
<div class="artSplitter mol-img-group">
    <div class="mol-img">
  <div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="cursor: pointer;">
<div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-2">
  
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Ido
 Kaminer, who led the study, said: 'Computer chips have already reduced 
the scale of electronics to the points that the technology is bumping 
into some fundamental physical limits, so you need to go into a 
different regime of electromagnetism.'</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<br /></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">However,
 one problem faced by researchers trying to develop optically based 
chips is that while electricity can be easily confined within wires, 
light tends to spread out. </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">But, if the light could be contained withing a piece of graphene under the right conditions, the beams are very well confined.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">So far, the work is theoretical so the next step will be to create working versions of the system to prove the concept. </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">However, the team hope that microchips powered by light will be available within 'one to two years'. </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<br /></div>
</div>
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    </div>
<div class="item" data-track-module="am-external-links^external-links" id="external-source-links">
  <span>Read more:</span>
  <ul>
<li id="ext-gen134"><a class="js-tl" href="http://news.mit.edu/2016/new-way-turn-electricity-light-using-graphene-0613" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Researchers discover new way to turn electricity into light, using graphene | MIT News</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<br /></div>

New way of converting electricity into light using graphene could make microchips a MILLION times faster

In terms of practical uses, the researchers suggest that this way of generating light could be used in microchip technology. Using ligh...

World’s strongest material: Scientists create Carbyne in large amounts for the first time

World’s strongest material: Scientists create Carbyne in large amounts for the first time

The inside of a graphene molecular structure After eluding scientists for more than 50 years, a team of researchers has now found ...

Graphene, a “super material” that is a light as a balloon but as strong as metal

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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Graphene, a “super strong material”</span></td></tr>
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Scientists have discovered a “super material” that is a light
 as a balloon yet as strong as metal, which could be developed by the 
mainland’s military into armour that protects troops and tanks without 
sacrificing mobility, a mainland study reports.<br />
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The foam-like material was created when tiny tubes of graphene were 
formed into a cellular structure that had the same stability as a 
diamond, said the study led by researchers at the Chinese Academy of 
Sciences’ Shanghai Institute of Ceramics.<br />
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Graphene, an extremely thin sheet of carbon with extraordinary 
properties, has attracted great interest among researchers in recent 
years.<br />
It is about 207 times stronger than steel by weight and able to conduct heat and electricity with very high efficiency.<br />
<br />
However, the new material was able to support something that was 
40,000 times its own weight without bending, said the report in the 
latest issue of the journal, Advanced Materials.<br />
One piece of the graphene foam withstood the impact of a blow that 
had a force of more than 14,500 pounds per square inch – almost as much 
pressure as is experienced at the deepest depth of the world’s ocean – 
about 10.9km – known as Challenger Deep, in the Mariana Trench, off the 
coast of the US island of Guam.<br />
<br />
The Shanghai research team said their newly created material could 
withstand more external shocks than other previously reported graphene 
materials.<br />
It could also be squashed to just 5 per cent of its original size and
 still return to its original shape, and remained intact after the 
process was repeated 1,000 times.<br />
The properties of the new material meant one possible use could be as
 cushion under the surface of bulletproof vests and on the outside of 
tanks to absorb the shocks from incoming projectiles, the study said.<br />
<i>Source: SCMP “Chinese scientists’ new ‘super-strong foam’ could form lightweight tank and troop armour”</i><br />
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Graphene, a “super material” that is a light as a balloon but as strong as metal

Graphene, a “super strong material” Scientists have discovered a “super material” that is a light as a balloon yet as strong as me...

New material can fly by light propulsion, the first ever light is used to propel an object

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<b>This Squishy Honeycomb Could Build Strong, Lightweight Armor</b><br />
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<img alt="Graphine film (file photo)" class="size-medium wp-image-19692" height="262" src="https://tiananmenstremendousachievements.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/graphine-film.jpg?w=453&h=299" width="400" /><div class="wp-caption-text">
Graphene film (file photo)</div>
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According to xinhuanet.com’s report on June 19, through 3 years of 
research, Prof. Chen Yongsheng of the College of Chemistry and Prof Tian
 Jianguo of the Institute of Physics, Nankai University have obtained a 
special graphene material for light-driven flight.<br />
<br />

Due to the special electronic characteristic of graphene and the 
macrostructure and form of the material, the material is able to get 
driving force from light 1,000 times greater than ordinary light 
pressure.<br />
<br />

The website’s reporter saw with his own eyes a graphene sponge in the
 shape of a round biscuit move 40 cm horizontally and vertically with 
the propulsion of various kinds of light.<br />

Prof. Chen said that according to calculation, a 500kg load with a 
driving sail made of the graphene material can get at least an 
acceleration per second of 0.09 m/s in theory.<br />
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So far, chemical propulsion is used for almost all aviation and 
spaceflight, but chemical propulsion limited human race’s exploration of
 the universe due to the limit of chemical fuel a spaceship can carry. 
As there is light in universe, flight directly propelled by light has 
long been scientists’ and astronauts’ dream. Now China will make such 
dream come true.<br />
<br />

<i>xinhuanet.com “China’s new material can fly by light 
propulsion, the first ever light is used to propel an object” </i><br />
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New material can fly by light propulsion, the first ever light is used to propel an object

This Squishy Honeycomb Could Build Strong, Lightweight Armor Graphene film (file photo) According to xinhuanet.com’s repo...

Graphene : Super new material that may lead to a revolution in aircrafts and spacecrafts

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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Graphene may give rise to a revolution in future aircrafts and spacecrafts.</span></td></tr>
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<img alt="https://tiananmenstremendousachievements.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/zhu-demonstrates-the-movable-furnace.jpg" src="https://tiananmenstremendousachievements.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/zhu-demonstrates-the-movable-furnace.jpg" /><br />
Zhu demonstrates the movable furnace. (Photo: Jos Wassink)<br />
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China Aviation Daily says in its report that Shou-en Zhu, a
 Chinese PhD candidate at Delft University of Technology, the 
Netherlands, has designed and made a high-temperature oven to produce 
high-quality graphene, which will hopefully enable the mass production 
of graphene at low cost.<br />

In its report “Bare the mystery of China’s super new material that 
may lead to a revolution in aircrafts and spacecrafts”<br />
<br />
<b>Late last May, 
Global times made description of graphene as follows : </b><br />
<br />

Graphene is a material that most people are not familiar with but 
researchers in many countries are busy working on.<br />
It is a new material 
formally discovered in 2004, for which two British scientists Andre Geim
 and Konstantin Novoselov became Nobel Physics Laureates in 2010.<br />
Its 
special characteristics make it possible for the production of 
transparent mobile phone as thin as a piece of paper, batteries able to 
be fully recharged in a minute, bullet-proof shirt and other 
science-fiction products.<br />

For real military application, graphene is very thin and nearly 
transparent pure carbon one atom thick.<br />
It is remarkably strong for its 
very low weight, more than 100 times stronger than steel.<br />
This makes it 
the best materials for aircrafts and spacecrafts.<br />

However, there is drawback: It is forbiddenly expensive, 15 times more expensive than gold.<br />
<br />

Zhu’s invention now will enable popularization of the use of graphene in making lots of science-fiction products<br />

Zhu said that he adopted the method of chemical vapour deposition of 
methane on a copper sheet to make graphene.<br />
It is a method tried by lots
 of others without success.<br />
Zhu has succeeded due to the precision of 
his equipment and the fine control of the process.<br />
He has been applying 
for patent of his invention.<br />
<br />

Global Times said that sources related to the Industrial Aviation 
Material Research Institute of China Aviation Industry Corporation 
revealed to its reporter on May 27, 2014 that they had obtained the 
technology for mass production of graphene film and powder and 
successful used graphene to make an alloy of graphene and aluminum, the 
first such alloy in the world, with exceptional qualities for aircrafts 
and spacecrafts.<br />

Zhu’s invention will enable China to make the best aircrafts and spacecrafts in the world.<br />
<br />

Source: <i>China Aviation Daily “Chinese PhD candidate’s design of 
high-temperature oven making it hopeful for mass production of graphene 
at low cost” </i><br />
<i>Global Times “Bare the mystery of China’s super new 
material that may lead to a revolution in aircrafts and spacecrafts”</i><br />
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<b>Yutu moon rover, photographed by the Chang'e 3 lander on Dec. 16, 2013. </b><br />
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<b>The Milky Way May Be Way Bigger Than We Thought
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Graphene : Super new material that may lead to a revolution in aircrafts and spacecrafts

Graphene may give rise to a revolution in future aircrafts and spacecrafts. Zhu demonstrates the movable furnace. (Photo...

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