Errymath: nuclear weapons

What to do in a nuclear attack: As the world edges closer to doomsday, experts reveal their tips for survival

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Donald Trump caused a Doomsday Clock symbolising the threat of apocalypse to move closer to midnight yesterday.</div>
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The
 new 'time', two and a half minutes to midnight, is the closest the 
planet has been to an apocalypse since 1953 - mainly due to the threat 
of climate change or nuclear warfare. </div>
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Now,
 in light of the change, millions of people have been trending 
explaining how to survive a nuclear attack, and some of the best tips 
for surviving a nuclear attack have been revealed.</div>
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<img alt="Donald Trump caused a Doomsday Clock symbolising the threat of apocalypse to move closer to midnight. The new 'time', two and a half minutes to midnight, is the closest the planet has been to an apocalypse since 1953 - mainly due to the threat of nuclear warfare. Stock image" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="509" id="i-261037a214ec9fbf" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/01/27/13/3C913F2800000578-4163970-image-a-51_1485522373465.jpg" style="display: block;" width="634" /><br />
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Donald Trump caused a 
Doomsday Clock symbolising the threat of apocalypse to move closer to 
midnight. The new 'time', two and a half minutes to midnight, is the 
closest the planet has been to an apocalypse since 1953 - mainly due to 
the threat of nuclear warfare. Stock image</div>
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One of these videos has been created by Toronto0based YouTubers Gregory Brown and Mitchell Moffit.</div>
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<span class="mol-style-bold">PACK AN EMERGENCY SUPPLY KIT </span></div>
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The pair advises packing an emergency supply kit containing water and non-perishable food items.</div>
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When
 a nuclear bomb goes off, it sends out radiation that can ruin your 
mobile phone and laptop, so preparing battery-powered radios for 
communication is essential.</div>
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Experts expect electronic devices thousands of miles away could be affected by the electromagnetic pulse sent out by a bomb.</div>
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<span class="mol-style-bold">FIND A SHELTER </span></div>
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Shelters are the next important safety step.</div>
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'There's a difference between a blast shelter and a fall-out shelter,' says Gregory Brown.</div>
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For the blast, it is important to get as much concrete between you and the blast as possible. </div>
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In a house, go to the basement, and in a high-rise, get to the middle of the building away from windows.</div>
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For
 the fall-out it's important to have thick walls and a thick roof, he 
says, and in a house it is a good idea to blockade all the windows.</div>
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It takes radioactive materials two weeks to decay, so stock up on two weeks' worth of food and water.</div>
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<span class="mol-style-bold">BRACE YOURSELF </span></div>
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But
 if you are outside and know the blast is coming, you might have time to
 get to a better shelter, but first you should get on the ground with 
your hands behind your head and brace yourself.</div>
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Never look at the blast, because it can cause you to go blind temporarily.</div>
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<span class="mol-style-bold">CLEAN YOURSELF</span></div>
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If
 you get inside remove your clothes and clean yourself straight away and
 blow your nose, to stop the radioactive materials from spreading, and 
do not use conditioner.</div>
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If you cannot have a shower, wipe yourself with a wet cloth. </div>
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After
 a blast you have 30 minutes to find the best shelter, so the pair 
suggest finding a dedicated safe-house that can be accessed from your 
home and work within 30 minutes.</div>
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The pair, who together run the channel AsapSCIENCE, also shared another <a class="" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JL4Kqfxg2KU" rel="nofollow" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">video </a>entitled 'What If We Have A Nuclear War?', detailing what to expect after an explosion.</div>
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<img alt="Millions of people have been trending explaining how to survive a nuclear attack, and some of the best tips for surviving a nuclear attack have been revealed. About 35 per cent of the energy of the bomb would be released in the form of heat (diagram shown)" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="357" id="i-a5b40ba85bd65a7c" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/01/27/12/3C910D1500000578-0-Millions_of_people_have_been_trending_explaining_how_to_survive_-a-13_1485521702068.jpg" style="display: block;" width="634" /><br />
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Millions of people have been trending 
explaining how to survive a nuclear attack, and some of the best tips 
for surviving a nuclear attack have been revealed. About 35 per cent of 
the energy of the bomb would be released in the form of heat (diagram 
shown)</div>
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<img alt="Those closer by would experience burns from the heat, with third degree burns affecting those within a 5 mile (8km) radius" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="355" id="i-b975330d6350c558" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/01/27/12/3C910D1E00000578-0-image-a-9_1485521686233.jpg" style="display: block;" width="634" /><br />
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Those closer by would experience burns from the heat, with third degree burns affecting those within a 5 mile (8km) radius</div>
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'The
 impact of a single nuclear bomb depends on many factors like the 
weather, weapon design, geographical layout of where the bomb hits and 
if it explodes in the air or on the ground' the pair said in the video.</div>
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About 35 per cent of the energy of the bomb would be released in the form of heat.</div>
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This,
 and the light from the bomb, would travel much faster than the sound of
 it and so could come several seconds before - and cause what is known 
as 'flash blindness', temporary blindness for a few minutes.</div>
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Flash
 blindness could affect people up to 13 miles away (21 km) on a clear 
day and 50 miles away (81km) on a clear night, they said, if the bomb is
 1 megaton.</div>
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<img alt="Most of the bomb's energy is felt in the blast, in a sudden change of air pressure that can crush buildings, which would likely kill anyone when they fell. Winds up to 158 miles per hour (255km/h) would affect people up to 3.7 miles (6km) away" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="360" id="i-5679fb991f7dfb51" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/01/27/12/3C910D2500000578-0-image-a-10_1485521687552.jpg" style="display: block;" width="634" /><br />
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Most of the bomb's energy is felt in 
the blast, in a sudden change of air pressure that can crush buildings, 
which would likely kill anyone when they fell. Winds up to 158 miles per
 hour (255km/h) would affect people up to 3.7 miles (6km) away</div>
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Those closer by would experience burns from the heat, with third degree burns affecting those within a 5 mile (8km) radius.</div>
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Most
 of the bomb's energy is felt in the blast, in a sudden change of air 
pressure that can crush buildings, which would likely kill anyone when 
they fell. </div>
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Winds up to 158 miles per 
hour (255km/h) would affect people up to 3.7 miles (6km) away, causing 
dangerous objects to fly around. </div>
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A 
terrifying interactive map revealed last year lets you see what the 
terrible effects of nuclear fallout might look it if a similar bomb was 
to be dropped on your location.</div>
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The creator of the map, called <a class="" href="http://www.wouldisurviveanuke.com/#myModal" id="ext-gen131" rel="nofollow" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">WouldISurviveANuke.com</a>, says that it is designed to show that 'there really is no surviving a nuclear war.' </div>
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A terrifying 
interactive map revealed last year lets you see what the terrible 
effects of nuclear fallout might look it if a similar bomb was to be 
dropped on your location</div>
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Lawrence Krauss and David Titley, who 
manage the Doomsday Clock, said the US president's policies on climate 
change and nuclear weapons were largely to blame for the change. </div>
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'The United States now has a president who has promised to impede progress on both of those fronts,' the pair said. </div>
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'Never
 before has the Bulletin decided to advance the clock largely because of
 the statements of a single person,' the two scientists wrote in a <a class="" href="http://thebulletin.org/sites/default/files/Final%202017%20Clock%20Statement.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">statement</a>.</div>
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'But when that person is the new president of the United States, his words matter.' </div>
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The
 group also addressed other issues including the threat of nuclear 
weapons being built by North Korea, India and Pakistan, Russia and 
China. </div>
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A Doomsday Clock 
symbolising the threat of apocalypse has moved closer to midnight, 
because of Donald Trump. Researchers who manage the clock announce the 
new 'time', two and a half minutes to midnight, in an event that was 
live streamed yesterday (pictured)</div>
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A Doomsday Clock 
symbolising the threat of apocalypse has moved closer to midnight, 
partly because of Donald Trump. Researchers who manage the clock 
announce the new 'time' in an event that was live streamed yesterday</div>
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<img alt="Members of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists deliver remarks on the 2017 time for the 'Doomsday Clock' January 26, 2017 in Washington, DC" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="424" id="i-8e4f4f643cae6a19" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/01/26/15/3C89E0AF00000578-4160622-image-m-38_1485446168933.jpg" style="display: block;" width="634" /><br />
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Members of the Bulletin of Atomic 
Scientists deliver remarks on the 2017 time for the 'Doomsday Clock' 
January 26, 2017 in Washington, DC</div>
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'A
 rise in strident nationalism worldwide, President Donald Trump's 
comments on nuclear arms and climate issues, a darkening global security
 landscape that is colored by increasingly sophisticated technology, and
 a growing disregard for scientific expertise,' the group said in a 
statement. </div>
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The clear need for climate action is an important one, the researchers said. </div>
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'The
 continued warming of the world measured in 2016 underscores one clear 
fact: Nothing is fundamentally amiss with the scientific understanding 
of climate physics,' the researchers wrote.' </div>
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The Doomsday 
Clock was established in 1947 to provide a simple way of demonstrating 
the danger to the Earth and humanity posed by nuclear war</div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">WHY IS TRUMP TO BLAME? </span></h3>
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Researchers
 who manage the clock said US president's policies on climate change and
 nuclear weapons were largely to blame for the change.</div>
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In
 their op-ed — headlined 'Thanks to Trump, the Doomsday Clock Advances 
Toward Midnight' — they wrote: 'We understand that Mr Trump has been in 
office only days, that many of his cabinet nominees are awaiting 
confirmation and that he has had little time to take official action. </div>
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'But Mr Trump's statements and actions have been unsettling. </div>
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'He has made ill-considered comments about expanding and even deploying the American nuclear arsenal. </div>
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'He has expressed disbelief in the scientific consensus on global warming. </div>
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'He has shown a troubling propensity to discount or reject expert advice related to international security. </div>
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'And
 his nominees to head the Energy Department, the Environmental 
Protection Agency and the Office of Management and the Budget have 
disputed or questioned climate change.'</div>
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'I hope the debate engendered by the 2017 
setting of the Clock raises the level of conversation, promotes calls to
 action, and helps citizens around the world hold their leaders 
responsible for delivering a safer and healthier planet,' said Dr Rachel
 Bronson, executive director of the Bulletin. </div>
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'Nuclear
 weapons and climate change are precisely the sort of complex 
existential threats that cannot be properly managed without access to 
and reliance on expert knowledge,' said Lawrence Krauss.</div>
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In
 2015 the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, an expert group formed in 
1945, adjusted the Doomsday Clock two minutes forward and took it to 
three minutes to midnight.</div>
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That sent a 
message that the Earth was closer to oblivion than any time since the 
early days of hydrogen bomb testing and 1984, when US-Soviet relations 
reached 'their iciest point in decades'.</div>
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Last year the clock's hands, which have 
moved forwards and backwards in different years over the past decades, 
remained unchanged.</div>
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A statement accompanying the 2016 Doomsday Clock decision read: 'Three minutes (to midnight) is too close. </div>
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'Far too close.</div>
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'We,
 the members of the Science and Security Board of the Bulletin of the 
Atomic Scientists, want to be clear about our decision not to move the 
hands of the Doomsday Clock in 2016: That decision is not good news, but
 an expression of dismay that world leaders fail to focus their efforts 
and the world's attention on reducing the extreme danger posed by 
nuclear weapons and climate change.</div>
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'When
 we call these dangers existential, that is exactly what we mean: They 
threaten the very existence of civilization and therefore should be the 
first order of business for leaders who care about their constituents 
and their countries.'</div>
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The Bulletin was 
founded by concerned US scientists involved in the Manhattan Project 
that developed the world's first nuclear weapons during the Second World
 War.</div>
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In 1947 they established the 
Doomsday Clock to provide a simple way of demonstrating the danger to 
the Earth and humanity posed by nuclear war.</div>
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Researchers who manage the clock 
announce the new 'time' in an event that was live streamed yesterday, 
making it the closest the planet has been to an apocalypse since 1953. <i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dailymail</span></i></div>
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In 2015 the Bulletin of the Atomic 
Scientists, an expert group formed in 1945, adjusted the Doomsday Clock 
two minutes forward and took it to three minutes to midnight. <i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dailymail</span></i></div>
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Now the Bulletin is an independent non-profit organisation run by some of the world's most eminent scientists.</div>
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The
 Doomsday Clock now not only takes into account the likelihood of 
nuclear Armageddon but also other emerging threats such as climate 
change and advances in biotechnology and artificial intelligence.</div>
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Last month the Bulletin dropped a strong hint Doomsday might be about to edge nearer.</div>
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In
 a statement the scientists said: 'Tensions between the United States 
and Russia that remain at levels reminiscent of the Cold War, the danger
 posed by climate change, and nuclear proliferation concerns, including 
the recent North Korean nuclear test, are the main factors influencing 
the decision about any adjustment that may be made to the Doomsday 
Clock.'</div>
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The closest the clock has ever come to striking midnight was in 1953, when the time was set at two minutes to 12.</div>
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It
 was in that year that the US took the decision to upgrade its nuclear 
arsenal with the hydrogen bomb, 'a weapon far more powerful than any 
atomic bomb'.<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <i>dailymail</i></span>      </div>
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<b>Read more:</b>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://nuclearsecrecy.com/nukemap3d/#">http://nuclearsecrecy.com/nukemap3d/#</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span> </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;">                                   </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span></span></div>
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What to do in a nuclear attack: As the world edges closer to doomsday, experts reveal their tips for survival

Donald Trump caused a Doomsday Clock symbolising the threat of apocalypse to move closer to midnight yesterday. The new 'time...

This is What Nuclear Fallout Could Look Like

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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLsHYRuKrNF4W116z_IhuJ0Iy9htDrj8r5A3RHU-4y1wA3zxq9D5R8QAFweHYUvCKTgYt7EjhQNTFpc7iEsAIApVhj3jBvBMFMZqau5ElXHJEi9yq_H4b6osJ2FA9JVmKYuVmsHN4O0KI/s1600/nw0jaxof1jxzjybjqxbg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLsHYRuKrNF4W116z_IhuJ0Iy9htDrj8r5A3RHU-4y1wA3zxq9D5R8QAFweHYUvCKTgYt7EjhQNTFpc7iEsAIApVhj3jBvBMFMZqau5ElXHJEi9yq_H4b6osJ2FA9JVmKYuVmsHN4O0KI/s400/nw0jaxof1jxzjybjqxbg.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image: Future of Life Institute/NukeMap</td></tr>
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<time class="meta-time" datetime="2016-05-09T14:50:00+00:00" pubdate=""></time><br />
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If you’ve never imagined what the devastating effects of nuclear fallout would look like, click any dot on <a href="http://futureoflife.org/us-nuclear-targets/" target="_blank">this map</a>.<br />
<a href="http://futureoflife.org/" target="_blank">Future of Life Institute (FLI)</a>,
 a volunteer-run research group, has teamed up with Alex Wellerstein, a 
historian of science, to create interactive maps that visualizes the 
apocalyptic effects of a nuclear exchange between the US and Russia. 
Both countries currently possess around <a href="http://www.ploughshares.org/world-nuclear-stockpile-report" target="_blank">93 percent of the world’s arsenal</a>.<br />
<br />
The map’s data was pulled from <a href="http://motherboard.vice.com/read/the-us-declassifies-its-1959-list-of-cold-war-targets-for-nuclear-annihilation-2" target="_blank">a declassified list of US nuclear targets</a> from 1956. Published by the National Security Archives <a href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb538-Cold-War-Nuclear-Target-List-Declassified-First-Ever/" target="_blank">in 2015</a>, the list comprises a whopping 1,100 nuclear targets across China, Eastern Europe, Russia, and North Korea.<br />
But
 FLI wants to ensure its predictions are as realistic as possible, so 
Wellerstein was also asked to simulate the effects of nuclear fallout 
when the size of the bomb as well as weather conditions are factored 
into the equation.<br />
Given the volatility of the weather, FLI states
 that a bomb dropped near one country’s border on the wrong day could 
cause neighbouring country’s people—who weren’t the target—to suffer the
 effects of nuclear fallout.<br />
<br />
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<img alt="" class="vmp-image" data-original-height="664" data-original-width="1010" src="http://motherboard-images.vice.com/content-images/contentimage/33357/1462804136798122.gif" /></div>
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How would the direction of radioactive fallout change if bombs were 
dropped on three different days? Image: Future of Life Institute/NukeMap</div>
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This
 second map depicts what would happen if all 1,100 targets were hit by 
nuclear bombs varying from 50 kt to 10,000 kt in size on 29 April 2016. 
The map shows the local weather patterns on that day pushing the fallout
 further away from the target.<br />
Next up, FLI considers the effects 
of fallout, if the bombs were dropped on three consecutive days: 29 
April, 30 April, and 1 May 2016. This map shows how weather conditions 
would make a 100 kt bomb send nuclear fallout to countries like Denmark,
 Germany, and Finland.<br />
As the <a href="http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-0403-mcmanus-nuclear-danger-20160403-column.html" target="_blank">world’s nuclear arms race</a>
 shows no signs of slowing down, by visualising these scenarios, FLI 
wants to both remind us all of the ongoing threat of nuclear weapons, 
and to make governments around the world—especially the <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/the-nine-countries-that-have-nuclear-weapons-a6798756.html" target="_blank">nine nuclear nations</a>—think critically about their need to continue stockpiling nukes.<br />
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<img alt="" class="vmp-image" data-original-height="662" data-original-width="1014" src="http://motherboard-images.vice.com/content-images/contentimage/33357/1462804175860166.gif" /></div>
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What would happen if all 1,100 nuclear targets were struck by a nuclear
 weapon of a given size on 29 April, 2016? Image: Future of Life 
Institute/NukeMap</div>
<div class="photo-credit">
<br /></div>
Unfortunately, FLI states <a href="http://futureoflife.org/us-nuclear-targets/" target="_blank">in a post</a>
 that while today’s nuclear targets list is classified, it probably 
looks much the same as it did back in 1956. The US has around “<a href="http://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/status-world-nuclear-forces/" target="_blank">1,900 nuclear warheads deployed</a>
 on missiles and bombers (with thousands more on reserve), ready to be 
launched at a moment’s notice and able to hit their targets within 30 
minutes,” according to FLI’s statement.<br />
Worse, technological progress has made today’s nuclear bombs <a href="http://www.cnduk.org/campaigns/global-abolition/effects-of-nuclear-weapons" target="_blank">deadlier</a> than either of the two bombs that decimated Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. <br />
So in the event of an accidental or purposeful nuclear war, FLI points out that a “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_winter" target="_blank">nuclear winter”</a>—when
 winds spread vast amounts of soot across the stratosphere, blocking the
 sun, and making temperatures drop—will likely annihilate most 
Earthlings.<br />
We're <a href="http://thebulletin.org/press-release/doomsday-clock-hands-remain-unchanged-despite-iran-deal-and-paris-talks9122" target="_blank">still three minutes from midnight</a>, but with interactive tools like these maps we can maybe, hopefully nudge back the clock.<br />
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<a href="http://motherboard.vice.com/author/EmikoJozuka"><img height="200" src="http://motherboard-images.vice.com/authors/no-id/1428415371674532.jpg?resize=300:*&output-format=jpeg&output-quality=90" width="200" /></a><br />
<div class="author-info hasImage">
Written by<a href="http://motherboard.vice.com/author/EmikoJozuka">  Emiko Jozuka</a><br />
Writer, UK</div>
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<br />
<br />
<b>The Day After film
</b><br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="460" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7VG2aJyIFrA?feature=player_embedded" width="660"></iframe>

<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Declassified U.S. Nuclear Test Film
</b><br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="460" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wA8z94MXo9M?feature=player_embedded" width="660"></iframe>

This is What Nuclear Fallout Could Look Like

Image: Future of Life Institute/NukeMap If you’ve never imagined what the devastating effects of nuclear fallout would look...

A Terrifying Interactive Map Visualizes the Devastation of Nuclear Fallout

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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--6y8c3ayc--/fncfexcxmijxiuxappk2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" class="lazyautosizes lazyloaded cursor-pointer" data-chomp-id="fncfexcxmijxiuxappk2" data-format="JPG" data-mp4-src="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--6y8c3ayc--/fncfexcxmijxiuxappk2.jpg" data-poster-src="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--6y8c3ayc--/fncfexcxmijxiuxappk2.jpg" data-sizes="auto" data-webm-src="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--6y8c3ayc--/fncfexcxmijxiuxappk2.jpg" height="344" src="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--6y8c3ayc--/fncfexcxmijxiuxappk2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image: Future of Life/NUKEMAP</td></tr>
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The destructive power of nuclear bombs has been seared into our collective memory, thanks to archival images of the devastation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. There’s the blast itself, and then all the radioactive fallout to contend with. A new interactive map shows what the damage from fallout would be if nuclear bombs were dropped on target cities today.  <br />
<br />
It’s the result of a collaboration between the <a href="http://futureoflife.org/background/us-nuclear-targets/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Future of Life Institute</a>
 (FLI)—a volunteer organization dedicated to decreasing existential 
threats to the human race co-founded by MIT physicist Max Tegmark—and 
Alex Wellerstein, a science historian at the Stevens Institute for 
Technology in New Jersey <a href="http://io9.gizmodo.com/5887685/nukemap-allows-you-to-drop-famous-bombs-all-over-google-maps" rel="noopener" target="_blank">who developed</a> the hugely popular <a href="http://nuclearsecrecy.com/nukemap/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NUKEMAP</a> a few years ago. (Wellerstein was also the technical consultant for the stellar—and <a href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/manhattan-canceled-two-seasons-at-861770" rel="noopener" target="_blank">tragically cancelled</a>—TV series, <em><a href="http://io9.gizmodo.com/manhattan-is-the-best-tv-show-that-hardly-anybody-is-wa-1734577513" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Manhattan</a></em>.)<br />
<br />

A few months ago, the <a href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb538-Cold-War-Nuclear-Target-List-Declassified-First-Ever/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">National Security Archive</a> released a 1956 US <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/23/us/politics/1950s-us-nuclear-target-list-offers-chilling-insight.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">list of 1,100 nuclear targets</a> in the Soviet Union, Eastern Bloc, China, and North Korea. FLI <a href="http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2016/05/09/mapping-us-nuclear-war-plan-1956/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">digitized the entire dataset</a>,
 and approached Wellerstein about adapting NUKEMAP to the digitized 
targets. He realized he could use the new data to model nuclear fallout 
and possible casualties from detonated bombs.<span class="js_lightbox-wrapper lightbox-wrapper"><span class="magnifier js_lightbox lightbox"></span></span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA3qRRtUniguXGH2A1OzR9GQgLxfjxp9E23yuSgyWwoFkaSo7rkjfPWPdJU3QvGHM48IpwFUJC3xM2fTQppeLyto3uzTdLl-kNSQV1xLFrRbfIo6fmreYK9Aq3gq8l1KBgbeSQTWJSacc/s1600/nw0jaxof1jxzjybjqxbg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA3qRRtUniguXGH2A1OzR9GQgLxfjxp9E23yuSgyWwoFkaSo7rkjfPWPdJU3QvGHM48IpwFUJC3xM2fTQppeLyto3uzTdLl-kNSQV1xLFrRbfIo6fmreYK9Aq3gq8l1KBgbeSQTWJSacc/s400/nw0jaxof1jxzjybjqxbg.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a class="author-bio__name author-bio--flair" href="https://kinja.com/jenniferouellette" title="Author Name"><strong></strong></a>Future of Life Institute’s digitized target map. Image: Future of Life/NUKEMAP</td></tr>
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<br />
Wellerstein ran two equally terrifying scenarios. First, he wondered 
what would have happened if bombs were dropped on all 1,100 targets on a
 single day: April 29, 2016. Second, he simulated how the direction of 
the radioactive fallout would change if bombs had been dropped on those 
targets on three consecutive days (April 29, April 30, and May 1, 2016).<br />
<br />
There are many different factors that influence the extent of nuclear
 fallout, notably weather conditions and the size of the bomb. 
Wellerstein was able to draw on data from <a href="http://openweathermap.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">OpenWeatherMap</a>
 to give his model realistic weather conditions on the days in question.
 But it also matters if the bomb detonates high in the air or on the 
ground; with the former, there is far less downwind fallout.<br />
<br />

“This is because the fallout that makes the distinctive, 
high-radiation plume downwind of the weapon is largely made up of dirt 
or debris particles that have been sucked up into the radioactive 
fireball, and ‘fall out’ rather soon (within a few hours) after the 
blast,” Wellerstein told Gizmodo. “If the fireball avoids vaporizing 
dirt or debris, the radioactive products (the remains of the split 
atoms) stay hot and light longer, and thus in the upper atmosphere 
longer. They have longer to decay before they fall to the Earth, so the 
really radioactive stuff ‘burns out’ sooner and diffuses over a larger 
area.”<br />

<aside class="pullquote">“Despite the fact that nuclear weapons issues 
are in the newspaper almost daily, for most Americans they have sunk 
into the background of things.”</aside><aside class="pullquote"> </aside>

All the heavy fallout plumes in his visualization assume surface 
bursts, when in reality, there would likely be a mix of surface and 
airbursts, depending on the target. Bunkers or airfields, for instance, 
need heavier pressure to destroy, so those targets would probably 
require surface bursts. In contrast, homes and civilian buildings 
wouldn’t needed as much pressure, so airbursts would suffice for those 
kinds of targets.<br />
<br />

There would also probably be more than one nuclear bomb per target in
 reality, since the military would expect that not every bomb would 
reach its target. NUKEMAP’s estimator assumes single detonations. So the
 really large casualty estimates in particular should be taken with a 
grain of salt, since there is likely to be some double counting of 
victims. But it’s probably a good ballpark figure if you add in 
longer-term casualties from fallout and the destruction of crucial 
infrastructures.<br />
<br />

Those caveats aside, Wellerstein thinks the project still manages to 
illustrate the scope and magnitude of nuclear fallout from bombs dropped
 on those targets. Lest you think this is just an academic exercise: the
 declassified 1956 list of targets probably isn’t much different from 
the current US list, <a href="http://futureoflife.org/us-nuclear-targets" rel="noopener" target="_blank">according to the FLI</a>.
 And while most nuclear nations agree that less than 300 nuclear weapons
 are sufficient to achieve deterrence, the US alone has about 1900 
warheads ready for deployment within 30 minutes. Russia’s not far 
behind. The threat of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_winter" rel="noopener" target="_blank">nuclear winter</a> is closer than you might think.<br />
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“Despite the fact that nuclear weapons issues are in the newspaper 
almost daily, for most Americans they have sunk into the background of 
things,” said Wellerstein. “A lot of this happened when the Cold War 
ended and we all congratulated ourselves on ‘winning.’ But the weapons 
have stuck around. I think people are starting to remember that, bit by 
bit. I like to think my work is playing a small part in that.”<br />
<br />

<a class="author-bio__name author-bio--flair" href="https://kinja.com/jenniferouellette" title="Author Name"><strong>Jennifer Ouellette</strong></a>  [<a href="http://motherboard.vice.com/read/this-is-what-nuclear-fallout-could-look-like" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Motherboard</a> and <a href="http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2016/05/09/mapping-us-nuclear-war-plan-1956/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Nuclear Society</a>]</div>
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<b><br /></b>
<b>Underground Nuclear Explosion Melt the Ground into a Giant Crater
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="460" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/u1Xe1TUQrpY?feature=player_embedded" width="660"></iframe>

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<br />
<b>US nuclear test film
</b><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="460" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nv_q8q6Z9_I?feature=player_embedded" width="660"></iframe>

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<br />
<b>Nuclear Bomb Dropped on Village - 1950s Test
</b><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="460" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vMopb1eN2t4?feature=player_embedded" width="660"></iframe>

<br />
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<br />
<b>1991 movie
</b><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="460" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pX9hL93HPMI" width="660"></iframe>

A Terrifying Interactive Map Visualizes the Devastation of Nuclear Fallout

Image: Future of Life/NUKEMAP The destructive power of nuclear bombs has been seared into our collective memory, thanks to archi...

Errymath

What to do in a nuclear attack: As the world edges closer to doomsday, experts reveal their tips for survival

This is What Nuclear Fallout Could Look Like

A Terrifying Interactive Map Visualizes the Devastation of Nuclear Fallout

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