Errymath

Hongdu L-15 Falcon

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Hongdu L-15 Falcon</h3>
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<b><br /></b>
<b>WZ-19</b><br />
<img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://image.cnwest.com/attachement/jpg/site1/20130524/7845c432d18713094bda2c.jpg" height="426" src="http://image.cnwest.com/attachement/jpg/site1/20130524/7845c432d18713094bda2c.jpg" width="640" />  <img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://image.cnwest.com/attachement/jpg/site1/20130524/7845c432d18713094bda2d.jpg" height="426" src="http://image.cnwest.com/attachement/jpg/site1/20130524/7845c432d18713094bda2d.jpg" width="640" /><br />
<br />
<b>WZ-10</b><br />
<img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://img6.faloo.com/Picture/0x0/1/1462/1462422.jpg" height="486" src="http://img6.faloo.com/Picture/0x0/1/1462/1462422.jpg" width="640" /><br />
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<img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://img.cjdby.com/data/attachment/forum/201412/27/123252pfv4ffl1wf72ayq6.jpg" height="421" src="http://img.cjdby.com/data/attachment/forum/201412/27/123252pfv4ffl1wf72ayq6.jpg" width="640" /><br />
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<img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://img.cjdby.com/data/attachment/forum/201412/27/123414gxpppzk4gx9rhpgz.jpg" height="481" src="http://img.cjdby.com/data/attachment/forum/201412/27/123414gxpppzk4gx9rhpgz.jpg" width="640" /><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>J-31 </b><br />
<img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://img.cjdby.com/data/attachment/forum/201412/04/114717qjisx0mccjlekik5.jpg" height="435" src="http://img.cjdby.com/data/attachment/forum/201412/04/114717qjisx0mccjlekik5.jpg" width="640" /><br />
<br />
 <img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://img.cjdby.com/data/attachment/forum/201412/04/114715lw688fkc7ukrtfur.jpg" height="435" src="http://img.cjdby.com/data/attachment/forum/201412/04/114715lw688fkc7ukrtfur.jpg" width="640" />  <img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://img.cjdby.com/data/attachment/forum/201411/17/091756ylx9y9xqzeo4oxxz.jpg" height="432" src="http://img.cjdby.com/data/attachment/forum/201411/17/091756ylx9y9xqzeo4oxxz.jpg" width="640" />
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<img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://img.cjdby.com/data/attachment/forum/201411/22/140250lym6ea4eyvvss0ov.jpg" height="417" src="http://img.cjdby.com/data/attachment/forum/201411/22/140250lym6ea4eyvvss0ov.jpg" width="640" /><br />
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<img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://img.cjdby.com/data/attachment/forum/201411/10/112449r9o2oz795b2ber4t.jpg" height="447" src="http://img.cjdby.com/data/attachment/forum/201411/10/112449r9o2oz795b2ber4t.jpg" width="640" /><br />
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<img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://img.cjdby.com/data/attachment/forum/201411/12/000625h52us44n00nttzut.jpg" height="415" src="http://img.cjdby.com/data/attachment/forum/201411/12/000625h52us44n00nttzut.jpg" width="640" /><br />
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<br />
5th generation fighters like j 20 & 31 are really very costly to build and much more costly to maintain.....<br />
<br />
They require up to 30 hours of maintenance for an average 1 hour flight...<br />
<br />
Even a single scratch can demolish stealth feature of the jet.....<br />
<br />
Any minor change in the outline could be prove fetal ...<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Video ;</b></span>  <a class="externalLink" href="http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XODIzNTcyNjg0.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">混剪—在线播放—优酷网，视频高清在线观看</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>

Hongdu L-15 Falcon

Hongdu L-15 Falcon WZ-19 WZ-10 J-31 5th generation fighters like j 20 ...

Russian 5th generation stealth helicopter

Russian 5th generation stealth helicopter

According to russian media, Russian Helicopters JSC is developing a 5th generation stealth helicopter. “Two of the major design...

Rare sprites : mysterious electric tendrils lighting up the skies over Chile

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<h1 id="ext-gen31">
Rare sprites caught red handed: Dazzling images show mysterious electric tendrils lighting up the skies over Chile</h1>
<ul class="mol-bullets-with-font">
<li class=""><span style="font-size: 1.4em;"><strong>Red sprites are rare bursts of light that last for a few milliseconds and take place 50 miles (80 km) above Earth</strong></span></li>
<li class=""><span style="font-size: 1.4em;"><strong>ESO photographer, Petr Horálek, caught sight of these lights at the La Silla Observatory in the Atacama desert</strong></span></li>
<li class=""><span style="font-size: 1.4em;"><strong>The red sprites flashed for about 40 minutes and were around 310 miles (500km) away from the photographer</strong></span></li>
<li class=""><span style="font-size: 1.4em;"><strong>The flashes are caused by electrical discharges of lightning, and they get their red hue from nitrogen in the air</strong></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="author-section byline-plain">
<i>By

Ellie Zolfagharifard For Dailymail.com</i>

</div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Only a small minority of people have ever seen the ghostly crimson lights that dance on top of thunderstorms.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Known
 as 'red sprites', these rare flashes create red tendrils more than 50 
miles (80 km) above the ground that last for just a few milliseconds.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Now,
 photographer Petr Horálek has been able to capture this incredible 
sight at the La Silla Observatory on the outskirts of the Chilean 
Atacama desert. </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<br /></div>
<div class="mol-img-group xwArtSplitter">
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<img alt="The Small and Large Magellanic Clouds can be seen just to the right of centre of the image and the faint green streak of a meteor just to the left of the Milky Way.These striking heavenly regulars are eclipsed, however, by the presence red sprites (bottom left of the main image). The six panels below the main image magnify a series of red sprites which were caught a few hours before daybreak" class="blkBorder img-share" id="i-5a9c88d9de18ef34" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/02/04/2556178B00000578-2940095-image-a-17_1423083093208.jpg" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-1">
  
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<div class="imageCaption">
The Small and Large Magellanic Clouds 
can be seen just to the right of centre of the image and the faint green
 streak of a meteor just to the left of the Milky Way.These striking 
heavenly regulars are eclipsed, however, by the presence red sprites 
(bottom left of the main image). The six panels below the main image 
magnify a series of red sprites which were caught a few hours before 
daybreak</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The
 Small and Large Magellanic Clouds can be seen just to the right of 
centre of the image and the faint green streak of a meteor just to the 
left of the Milky Way.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">These striking heavenly regulars are eclipsed, however, by the presence of something far more elusive and much closer to home.</span></div>
<div>
<div class="related-carousel with-fb sciencetech half" data-track-module="am-related_carousel^related_carousel" data-track-pos="static" data-track-selector=".rotator-panels a:not([class*=external])" id="p-16">
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<div class="share">
<span class="wai"></span></div>
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<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The six panels below the main image magnify a series of red sprites which were caught a few hours before daybreak.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Named
 after Shakespeare’s mischievous sprites Puck, from A Midsummer Night’s 
Dream, and Ariel, from The Tempest, sprites are caused by irregularities
 in the ionosphere.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The
 incredible flashes of light are caused by huge electrical discharges of
 lightning in the sky, and they get their deep red hue from nitrogen 
molecules in the air. </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<br /></div>
<div class="mol-img-group xwArtSplitter">
<div class="splitLeft">
<div class="mol-img">
  <div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="cursor: pointer;">
<img alt="Only a small minority of people have ever seen the ghostly crimson lights that dance on top of thunderstorms. Known as 'red sprites', these rare flashes create red tendrils more than 50 miles (80 km) above the ground that last for just a few milliseconds" class="blkBorder img-share" height="405" id="i-6d19b1cd0ba82923" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/02/04/2556199F00000578-2940095-image-m-22_1423083118596.jpg" width="470" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-2">
  
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<div class="overlay-icon mobile-gallery">
<span><br /></span></div>
</div>
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<div class="splitRight">
<div class="mol-img">
  <div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="cursor: pointer;">
<img alt="Only a small minority of people have ever seen the ghostly crimson lights that dance on top of thunderstorms. Known as 'red sprites', these rare flashes create red tendrils more than 50 miles (80 km) above the ground that last for just a few milliseconds" class="blkBorder img-share" height="405" id="i-5e0030167e637410" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/02/04/255619A400000578-2940095-image-a-23_1423083126350.jpg" width="470" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-3">
  
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
Only a 
small minority of people have ever seen the ghostly crimson lights that 
dance on top of thunderstorms. Known as 'red sprites', these rare 
flashes create red tendrils more than 50 miles (80 km) above the ground 
that last for just a few milliseconds</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="mol-img-group xwArtSplitter">
<div class="splitLeft">
<div class="mol-img">
  <div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="cursor: pointer;">
<img alt="Named after Shakespeare’s mischievous sprites Puck, from A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and Ariel, from The Tempest, sprites are caused by irregularities in the ionosphere" class="blkBorder img-share" height="412" id="i-8e3b3d7b1a19dde8" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/02/04/255619AF00000578-2940095-image-a-29_1423083151777.jpg" width="470" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-4">
  
</div>
<div class="overlay-icon mobile-gallery">
<span><br /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="splitRight">
<div class="mol-img">
  <div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="cursor: pointer;">
<img alt="Named after Shakespeare’s mischievous sprites Puck, from A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and Ariel, from The Tempest, sprites are caused by irregularities in the ionosphere" class="blkBorder img-share" height="412" id="i-1e7aaca06bcab5aa" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/02/04/255619B300000578-2940095-image-m-28_1423083145016.jpg" width="470" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-5">
  
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</div>
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<div class="imageCaption">
Named after
 Shakespeare’s mischievous sprites Puck, from A Midsummer Night’s Dream,
 and Ariel, from The Tempest, sprites are caused by irregularities in 
the ionosphere</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="mol-img-group xwArtSplitter">
<div class="splitLeft">
<div class="mol-img">
  <div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="cursor: pointer;">
<img alt="The incredible flashes of light are caused by huge electrical discharges of lightning in the sky, and they get their deep red hue from nitrogen molecules in the air. They can be seen in the D region of the ionosphere. This is the area of the atmosphere just above the dense lower atmosphere, about 37 to 56 miles (60 km to 90 km) above the Earth" class="blkBorder img-share" height="422" id="i-d486a4cc84abc6f8" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/02/04/255619B700000578-2940095-image-a-35_1423083181091.jpg" width="470" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-6">
  
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<div class="overlay-icon mobile-gallery">
<span><br /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="splitRight">
<div class="mol-img">
  <div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="cursor: pointer;">
<img alt="The incredible flashes of light are caused by huge electrical discharges of lightning in the sky, and they get their deep red hue from nitrogen molecules in the air. They can be seen in the D region of the ionosphere. This is the area of the atmosphere just above the dense lower atmosphere, about 37 to 56 miles (60 km to 90 km) above the Earth" class="blkBorder img-share" height="422" id="i-8247b517f61d6eed" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/02/04/2556199B00000578-2940095-image-m-34_1423083175692.jpg" width="470" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-7">
  
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</div>
</div>
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<div class="imageCaption">
The 
incredible flashes of light are caused by huge electrical discharges of 
lightning in the sky, and they get their deep red hue from nitrogen 
molecules in the air. They can be seen in the D region of the 
ionosphere. This is the area of the atmosphere just above the dense 
lower atmosphere, about 37 to 56 miles (60 km to 90 km) above the Earth</div>
</div>
<div class="art-ins mol-factbox floatRHS sciencetech">
                <h3 class="wocc">
                    <span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></h3>
<h3 class="wocc">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">WHAT ARE RED SPRITES?</span></span>                </h3>
<div class="ins cleared xolcc bdrcc">
                    <div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Red sprites are electrical bursts of light that occur above highly active thunderstorms. </span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;">They
 can be seen in the D region of the ionosphere. This is the area of the 
atmosphere just above the dense lower atmosphere, about 37 to 56 miles 
(60 km to 90 km) above the Earth.</span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The incredible flashes get their deep red hue from nitrogen molecules in the air.</span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Atmospheric sprites have been known for nearly a century, but their origins were a mystery.</span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;">They only last a few milliseconds and are relatively dim compared with other lightning.</span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The
 late experimental physicist John Winckler accidentally discovered 
sprites, while helping to test a new low-light video camera in 1989. </span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<br /></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Typically seen as groups of red-orange flashes, they are triggered by positive cloud-to-ground lightning.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">This
 is rarer and more powerful than its negative counterpart, as the 
lightning discharge originates from the upper regions of the cloud, 
further from the ground.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">In a short burst, the sprite extends rapidly downwards, creating dangling red tendrils before disappearing.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The sprites pictured here occurred over the course of about 40 minutes and were most likely more than 310 miles (500km) away. </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">In
 October, another photographer was able to capture this elusive light 
after spending months on the road following storms in Vivaro, Italy.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Marko
 Korosec, 32, managed to capture the rare pictures whilst standing in a 
corn field, over 200 miles (320km) away from the phenomenon. </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">'Sprites are not easy to capture, and might occur just a few times in hours, but this storm system was very active this time.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">'It
 was very difficult to get these shots as they are so rare and you 
simply have to be quite lucky that the storm will produce them.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">'You
 might take hundreds of photos without capturing any of them,' added Mr 
Korosec, who works as a system administrator for highways in Slovenia. </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Atmospheric sprites have been known for nearly a century, but researchers have been baffled as to how, and why, they form.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">In
 May, Penn State University researchers managed to model the elusive 
phenomenon, which forms above thunderstorms and appears as a 'jellyfish'
 shape in the sky.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">They
 say they believe that sprites form at plasma irregularities and may be 
useful in remote sensing of the lower ionosphere – an area that 
facilitates radio communication on Earth.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<br /></div>
<div class="mol-img-group xwArtSplitter">
    <div class="mol-img">
  <div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="cursor: pointer;">
<img alt="For decades, airline pilots were the only people lucky enough to catch sight of the natural phenomenon known as red sprites. Now one photographer has managed to capture this elusive light after spending months on the road following storms in Vivaro, Italy" class="blkBorder img-share" height="416" id="i-bc979d80208aeee0" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/10/02/1412251081964_Image_galleryImage_These_spectacular_picture.JPG" width="640" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-8">
  
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<div class="imageCaption">
For decades, airline pilots were the 
only people lucky enough to catch sight of the natural phenomenon known 
as red sprites. Now one photographer has managed to capture this elusive
 light after spending months on the road following storms in Vivaro, 
Italy</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="mol-img-group xwArtSplitter">
    <div class="mol-img">
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<img alt="Marko Korosec, 32, managed to capture the rare pictures whilst standing in a corn field, over 200 miles (320km) away from the phenomenon. The late physicist John Winckler accidentally discovered sprites, while helping to test a new low-light video camera in 1989" class="blkBorder img-share" height="420" id="i-8c9ac9d1ecfb2359" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/10/02/1412251118813_Image_galleryImage_These_spectacular_picture.JPG" width="640" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-9">
  
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</div>
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<div class="imageCaption" id="ext-gen30">
Marko Korosec, 32, 
managed to capture the rare pictures whilst standing in a corn field, 
over 200 miles (320km) away from the phenomenon. The late physicist John
 Winckler accidentally discovered sprites, while helping to test a new 
low-light video camera in 1989</div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<br /></div>

Rare sprites : mysterious electric tendrils lighting up the skies over Chile

Rare sprites caught red handed: Dazzling images show mysterious electric tendrils lighting up the skies over Chile Red sprites are rare ...

Future nuclear thermal propulsion for space explorer

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<h1 id="ext-gen50">
Is the future of space NUCLEAR? Nasa is developing new rockets to send astronauts to new corners of the solar system</h1>
<ul class="mol-bullets-with-font">
<li class=""><span style="font-size: 1.4em;"><strong>Nasa engineers are planning to build rockets powered by nuclear fission</strong></span></li>
<li class=""><span style="font-size: 1.4em;"><strong>The nuclear fuel is used to heat liquid hydrogen to create jets of plasma </strong></span></li>
<li class=""><span style="font-size: 1.4em;"><strong>Researchers say the rockets could halve the time it takes to reach Mars</strong></span></li>
<li class=""><span style="font-size: 1.4em;"><strong>They hope it could be used to carry astronauts to the red planet in 2033</strong></span></li>
<li class=""><span style="font-size: 1.4em;"><strong>They have proposed a new nuclear powered spacecraft called Copernicus</strong></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="author-section byline-plain">
<i>By

Richard Gray for MailOnline</i>

</div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Nasa 
scientists are developing new nuclear powered rockets that they hope 
could be used to travel the huge distances needed to take astronauts to 
Mars and explore the solar system.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">They
 believe the rockets, powered using nuclear fusion rather than 
traditional chemicals, could dramatically cut the time it takes to 
travel through the solar system.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Engineers at the space agency have now been drawing up plans to use nuclear thermal propulsion in a mission to Mars in 2033.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<br /></div>
<div class="artSplitter mol-img-group">
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<img alt="The proposed Copernicus spacecraft would use nuclear thermal propulsion to carry astronauts to Mars" class="blkBorder img-share" height="358" id="i-d9a7c3159b0ce822" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/02/03/254E9CD200000578-0-The_proposed_Copernicus_spacecraft_would_use_nuclear_thermal_pro-m-40_1422984683055.jpg" width="634" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-1">
  
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<div class="imageCaption" id="ext-gen49">
The proposed Copernicus spacecraft would use nuclear thermal propulsion to carry astronauts to Mars</div>
<div class="imageCaption" id="ext-gen49">
<br /></div>
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<div class="art-ins mol-factbox floatRHS sciencetech">
                <h3 class="wocc">
                    <span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">NASA'S NUCLEAR HISTORY </span></span>                </h3>
<div class="ins cleared xolcc bdrcc">
                    <div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Nasa has been using nuclear material to power spacecraft for decades.</span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;">In
 1960 a satellite programme called TRANSIT, used to guide missiles from 
space, was the first to use plutonium isotopes to create batteries.</span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;">These
 work by wrapping the plutonium with thermoelectrics, that turn the heat
 given off by the decaying isotope into electricity.</span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Nasa also used plutonium batteries on its failed Nimbus B1 satellite, which blew up on launch.</span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;">IN
 1972 and 1973 Nasa then launched its Pioneer space probes, which used 
155-watt nuclear batteries to keep them powered as they travelled to the
 very edge of the solar system.</span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The
 Viking landers, which touched down on Mars for the first time in 1976, 
also used plutonium batteries to power their experiments.</span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The
 Voyager probes, which have become the first manmade objects to leave 
the solar system, also relied upon three plutonium-238 batteries that 
have allowed them to communicate with Earth for 36 years.</span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The
 Ulysses sun probe also used a nuclear battery to keep the spacecraft 
operating while it performed a slingshot around Jupiter.</span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The Galileo spaceprobe to Jupiter's moons also used two nuclear batteries to give it 570 watts of power.</span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The cassini space probe to Saturn carried the largest nuclear battery every launched, weighing 72lbs.</span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The Curiosity mars rover also has a 125 watt battery to help keep the robot moving on the surface of the Red planet.</span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-size: 1.2em;">In
 1959, Nasa began work with the US Atomic Energy Commission to develop a
 nuclear powered rocket to carry astronauts into space, but the project 
was ended in 1973 at the same time as the Apollo space missions.</span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<br /></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">  </span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Nuclear thermal rockets weigh around half as much as chemical rockets for the same amount of thrust, they say.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Their
 plans were outlined in a series of reports and presentations by Nasa 
officials and researchers and a presentation given by a senior manager</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">According
 to their design, uranium-235 nuclear reactions are used to heat liquid 
hydrogen inside a reactor, turning it into ionized hydrogen gas, or 
plasma.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">This plasma is then channeled through a rocket nozzle to generate thrust.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Dr
 Stanely Borowski, an engineer at Nasa's John Glenn Research Centre, 
outlined how this could then be used to propel a space with its crew 
through space in a official Nasa paper.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">He
 said the spacecraft, called Copernicus, would consist of separate cargo
 and crewed transfer vehicles, each powered by a nuclear thermal 
propuslion stage.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">These would be constructed from a 'core' that use three engines each capable of producing thrust of around 25,000 lbs of force.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">He estimates that these vehicles could make the 40 million mile trip to Mars within 100 days.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">It took the Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft carrying Nasa's Curiosity Rover to Mars 253 days to reach the red planet.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Writing
 in his paper, Dr Borowski said: 'Recent measurements of the energetic 
particle radiation environment inside the Mars Science Laboratory 
spacecraft during it journey out to Mars indicate that astronauts could 
receive a radiation dose of ~0.66 Sv - the limiting value established by
 NASA — during a 1-year journey out to Mars and back.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">'With
 the potential for the crew to receive additional dose during the 
exploration phase of the mission, several questions immediately arise.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">'Can nuclear thermal propulstion’s performance capability be used to reduce transit times further and by how much?</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">'The analysis presented here indicates transit time reductions as much as 50 percent are possible.'</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Nasa
 first began researching nuclear thermal rockets as part of its Nuclear 
Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application (NERVA) programme in 1959.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">However, the project, which was a collaboration between Nasa and the US Atomic Energy Comission, was officially ended in 1973.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">During
 that time, however, engineers produced several prototypes, the most 
advanced of which was known as a Pewee engine. None of the engines were 
ever used for flight.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<br /></div>
<div class="artSplitter mol-img-group">
    <div class="mol-img" style="height: auto;">
  <div class="image-wrap fff-pic">
<img alt="A schematic of the nuclear thermal rocket shows how liquid hydrogen propellant would heated by the reactor" class="blkBorder img-share" height="230" id="i-afe31c54a88a4aed" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/02/03/254E9CAF00000578-0-A_schematic_of_the_nuclear_thermal_rocket_shows_how_liquid_hydro-m-44_1422985290686.jpg" width="634" /></div>
</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
A schematic of the nuclear thermal rocket shows how liquid hydrogen propellant would heated by the reactor</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="artSplitter mol-img-group">
    <div class="mol-img" style="height: auto;">
  <div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="cursor: pointer;">
<img alt="This diagram shows how the Copernicus spacecraft could be adapted to different missions and travel times" class="blkBorder img-share" height="414" id="i-212434928b423e0e" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/02/03/254E9CC900000578-0-This_diagram_shows_how_the_Copernicus_spacecraft_could_be_adapte-a-47_1422985456677.jpg" width="634" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-2">
  
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
This diagram shows how the Copernicus spacecraft could be adapted to different missions and travel times</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Now
 Nasa appears to be hoping to revive the cancelled programme to provide a
 new generation of rockets to carry its astronauts and the equipment to 
support them into space.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">As
 a nuclear rocket weights almost half as much as a chemical rocket 
carring liquid oxygen and hydrogen propellant without reducing thrust.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">This means larger payloads of cargo can be carried on the spacecraft and they can also be made to travel far faster.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Under
 the plans outlined by Dr Borowski, a mission to Mars in 2033 could use 
two cargo vehicles to deploy surface and orbital equipment to Mars ahead
 of the arrival of the crew.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">He
 said that Copernicus coulod easity manage a oneway trip to Mars in 
around 130 days but by altering the design of the spacecraft to carry 
more propellant this could be reduded to 100 days.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">He
 says that it may even be possible to make the journey in just 90 days 
with a crew if equipment and cargo are carried into space in a series of
 seven launches from Earth.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<br /></div>
<div class="artSplitter mol-img-group">
    <div class="mol-img">
  <div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="cursor: pointer;">
<img alt="Engineers have proposed using seven launches (shown above) to carry cargo and crew to Mars in 2033" class="blkBorder img-share" height="408" id="i-d261d667da7e4209" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/02/03/254E9CB900000578-0-Engineers_have_proposed_using_seven_launches_shown_above_to_carr-a-50_1422985565840.jpg" width="634" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-3">
  
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
Engineers have proposed using seven launches (shown above) to carry cargo and crew to Mars in 2033</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="artSplitter mol-img-group">
    <div class="mol-img">
  <div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="cursor: pointer;">
<img alt="Nasa's engineers have outlined a number of designs, shown above, for nuclear thermal propulsion rockets" class="blkBorder img-share" height="373" id="i-77c12c09c52950de" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/02/03/254F172B00000578-2938278-Nasa_s_engineers_have_outlined_a_number_of_designs_shown_above_f-a-57_1422985886624.jpg" width="634" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-4">
  
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</div>
</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
Nasa's engineers have outlined a number of designs, shown above, for nuclear thermal propulsion rockets</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="mol-img-group floatRHS">
    <div class="mol-img">
  <div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="cursor: pointer;">
<img alt="The most powerful nuclear rocket engine ever tested was the Phoebus 2a, which was fired for 32 minutes in Nevada in 1968 as can be seen in the photo above" class="blkBorder img-share" height="381" id="i-4607773eb94396ca" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/02/03/254F099B00000578-2938278-The_most_powerful_nuclear-a-62_1422986502823.jpg" width="306" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-5">
  
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
The most powerful nuclear rocket 
engine ever tested was</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
 the Phoebus 2a, which was fired for 32 minutes in </div>
<div class="imageCaption">
Nevada in 1968 as can be seen in the photo above</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Proposals
 to use nuclear powered rockets were also discussed in a recent 
presentation by Dr Michael Houts, nuclear research manager at Nasa's 
Marshall Space Flight Centre.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">He said the nuclear propulsion was a 'game changing technology for space exploration'.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">He said they hoped to prove the viability and affordability of the technology within the next three years.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">He
 said that radioactive isotopes such as strontium-90, which has a 
half-life of 28.8 years, or cesium-137, with a half life of 30.1 years, 
could also be used to power the reactors.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Nasa
 could use nuclear fission to power future missions to explore Jupiter 
and its moon Europa, Neptune and the Kuiper Belt, he said.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Dr
 Houts said: 'Nuclear thermal propulsion is a fundamentally new 
capability - the energy comes from fission not chemical reactions.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">'Initial
 systems will have specific impulses roughly twice that of the best 
chemical systems, reduced propellant launch requirements, reduced trip 
time and beneficial to near-term/far-term missions currently under 
consideration.</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">'Advanced nuclear propulsion systems could have extremely high performance and unique capabilities.'</span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<br /></div>
<div class="artSplitter mol-img-group">
<div class="mol-img" style="height: auto;">
  <div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="cursor: pointer;">
<img alt="Nasa engineers have proposed the above design for the fuel element for a small nuclear rocket engine using uranium carbide (UC2) particles contained within graphite that could be used within a rover or space probe" class="blkBorder img-share" height="397" id="i-ee2edf0d0f03bf1a" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/02/03/254E9CB400000578-2938278-Nasa_engineers_have_proposed_the_above_design_for_the_fuel_eleme-a-65_1422986979695.jpg" width="634" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-6">
  
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imageCaption">
Nasa engineers 
have proposed the above design for the fuel element for a small nuclear 
rocket engine using uranium carbide (UC2) particles contained within 
graphite that could be used within a rover or space probe</div>
</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
<br /></div>
<br /></div>

Future nuclear thermal propulsion for space explorer

Is the future of space NUCLEAR? Nasa is developing new rockets to send astronauts to new corners of the solar system Nasa engineers are ...

Breakthrough in Making Aircraft Carrier Engines

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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="003751sg6eb9e0yae06jmy.jpg" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" height="640" src="http://defence.pk/attachments/003751sg6eb9e0yae06jmy-jpg.185072/" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="465" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Type 
052D destroyers use QC280 gas turbines</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
<br />
Canada’s Kanwa Defence Review published an article on January 25 on 
China’s development and production of QC280 gas turbines for its Type 
052D destroyers.<br />
According to the article, China developed QC280 generates 28MW of power, on the basis of the 
technology of DA80/GT25000 gas turbine imported from Ukraine but has 
made a series of improvements on it.<br />
Kanwa visited Ukraine’s Zorya JSC several times and learned from the 
company that it had to provide China parts and components for QC280. 
When China assembled and put into operation the engines, it had to 
provide lots of information and advices. Sometimes, it was requested to 
send experts to China.<br />
QD280 consumes less fuel, has greater power than DA80 due to the improvements.<br />
On the basis of the development of QC280, China is now developing 
R0110 heavy gas turbine with power output of 114,500kw and heat 
efficiency of 36%. The turbine has passed expert evaluation and will be 
used on China’s homegrown aircraft carrier.<br />
The article points out that a new helicopter platform was built at 
Jiangnan Changxing Island Shipyard in May 2014. What will the platform 
be used for? To facilitate State leaders’ visits to the shipyard?<br />
Source: Kanwa Defence Review “China has made breakthrough in warship 
engines to be installed on its homegrown aircraft carrier” (summary by 
Chan Kai Yee)<br />
<br />
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<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
</h3>
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Brazilian KC390 maiden flight </h3>
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Breakthrough in Making Aircraft Carrier Engines

Type 052D destroyers use QC280 gas turbines Canada’s Kanwa Defence Review published an article on January 25 on China’s de...

Ukraine shows off new tracked ground assault vehicle

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In Kiev, the first
 to demonstrate the latest skeleton tracked multifunctional chassis, 
reports ukraineindustrial.info.<br />
The new tracked ground assault vehicle is intended to perform various 
missions including convoy protection, perimeter defense, surveillance, 
rescue, border patrol, crowd control, and explosive ordnance disposal. 
For perimeter defense or crowd control, a belt of Modular Crowd Control 
Munitions (MCCM) can be mounted around the vehicle to break up crowds of
 non-lethally engage personnel with flash-bang effects and rubber 
bullets.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Russia SA-15 (9M330) & China HQ-17 anti-aircraft missile</b></span><br />
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SA-15 "Tor M-1"<br />
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HQ-17<br />
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SOF training 蛮拼的!<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span>ZTZ99A</span></span></b><br />
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<img alt="012750ym3cd6ax46qn7cr3.jpg" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" height="638" src="http://defence.pk/attachments/012750ym3cd6ax46qn7cr3-jpg.185071/" width="640" /><br />
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<b><img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://www.military-today.com/tanks/type_96_l2.jpg" height="480" src="http://www.military-today.com/tanks/type_96_l2.jpg" width="640" />  <img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://www.military-today.com/tanks/type_99_l8.jpg" height="495" src="http://www.military-today.com/tanks/type_99_l8.jpg" width="640" />  <img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://img157.imageshack.us/img157/3336/269627c066ea777b77c62b8pa2.jpg" height="446" src="http://img157.imageshack.us/img157/3336/269627c066ea777b77c62b8pa2.jpg" width="640" /> <img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://img.bemil.chosun.com/nbrd/data/10057/upfile/201003/20100330105227.jpg" height="459" src="http://img.bemil.chosun.com/nbrd/data/10057/upfile/201003/20100330105227.jpg" width="640" /> </b>  <img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://nevskii-bastion.ru/VVT/TYP96_CHINA_02.jpg" height="505" src="http://nevskii-bastion.ru/VVT/TYP96_CHINA_02.jpg" width="640" />  <img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://album.udn.com/community/img/PSN_PHOTO/YST2000/f_3867098_1.jpg" height="480" src="http://album.udn.com/community/img/PSN_PHOTO/YST2000/f_3867098_1.jpg" width="640" /><br />
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Ukraine shows off new tracked ground assault vehicle

In Kiev, the first to demonstrate the latest skeleton tracked multifunctional chassis, reports ukraineindustrial.in...

PLZ-05 – 155 mm self-propelled howitzer

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 <img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4129/4947770016_295dfbac15_b.jpg" height="480" src="http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4129/4947770016_295dfbac15_b.jpg" width="640" />  <img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://img.bemil.chosun.com/nbrd/data/10056/upfile/201003/20100330101040.jpg" height="457" src="http://img.bemil.chosun.com/nbrd/data/10056/upfile/201003/20100330101040.jpg" width="640" />   <img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://www.bz55.com/uploads/allimg/140630/1-140630094R0.jpg" height="400" src="http://www.bz55.com/uploads/allimg/140630/1-140630094R0.jpg" width="640" />  <img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3806/10987515935_102aa79d9c_o.jpg" height="456" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3806/10987515935_102aa79d9c_o.jpg" width="640" />  <img alt="[IMG]" class="bbCodeImage LbImage" data-url="http://www.military-today.com/artillery/plz05_l4.jpg" height="480" src="http://www.military-today.com/artillery/plz05_l4.jpg" width="640" /> <br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Saab ESTL Countermeasures Pod Missile for defeating incoming threats 
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">German Leopard main battle tank for Exercise "Gran Tiger Lion" 
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Hyundai Wia - 120mm Automatic Loading Mortar Live Firing Tests
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PLZ-05 – 155 mm self-propelled howitzer

Saab ESTL Countermeasures Pod Missile for defeating incoming threats German Leopard main battle tank for Exercise ...