Errymath

Mystery red sprites and blue jets are spotted in space

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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Astronaut captures best ever images of the strange sights from the ISS</span></b>
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For years, their existence has been 
debated - elusive electrical discharges in the upper atmosphere that 
sport names such as red sprites, blue jets, pixies and elves.</div>
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But an astronaut has confirmed the displays do exist, capturing stunning footage of them from the International Space Station.</div>
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New
 findings have been published which suggest that the electrical 
discharges may unsettle the chemistry of the stratosphere, with possible
 implications for the Earth's radiation balance.<span class="mol-style-bold"></span></div>
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Blue discharges and 
jets are examples of a little-understood part of our atmosphere. But 
Andreas Mogensen has managed to captured the incredible phenomenon on 
camera</div>
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The stunning footage was captured by 
Andreas Mogensen, an astronaut from the European Space Agency (ESA), 
during his mission on the International Space Station in 2015.</div>
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Mr
 Mogensen said: 'It is not every day that you get to capture a new 
weather phenomenon on film, so I am very pleased with the result – but 
even more so that researchers will be able to investigate these 
intriguing thunderstorms in more detail soon.' </div>
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Denmark's
 National Space Institute has now published the results, which include a
 video recorded by Mr Mogensen as he flew over the Bay of Bengal at 
28,800 km/h.</div>
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Some of the most notable 
findings suggest that the discharges appear to play a crucial role in 
the exchange of gases between the troposphere and the stratosphere.</div>
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Until now, researchers thought that sprites were red because of nitrogen interacting with electricity in the upper atmosphere. </div>
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But
 the new study suggests that sprites actually release a comparably large
 amount of serveral oxides of nitrogen in the upper atmosphere. </div>
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                                <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">WHAT ARE THE DISPLAYS?</span></span>                            </h3>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;"><b><span class="mol-style-bold">Red sprites</span> </b>are electrical bursts of light that occur above highly active thunderstorms.  </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">They only last a few milliseconds and are relatively dim compared with other lightning.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The
 late experimental physicist John Winckler accidentally discovered 
sprites, while helping to test a new low-light video camera in 1989.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">They show up red at higher altitudes and fade to blue at lower heights. </span> </blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mol-style-bold"><b>Blue jets</b> </span>are enormous bursts of electrical discharge spiking upward from storm clouds in the upper atmosphere.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">They emerge from the electrically-charged cores of thunderstorms and rise up to 30 miles upwards in the shape of a cone.</span></div>
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In the paper, 
the authors write: ' They underscore that thunderstorm discharges 
directly perturb the chemistry of the stratosphere with possible 
implications for the Earth's radiation balance.'</div>
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Mr
 Mogensen aimed for cloud turrets – pillars of cloud extending into the 
upper atmosphere – and shot a short video showing 245 blue flashes.</div>
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Blue discharges and jets are examples of a little-understood part of our atmosphere.</div>
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Electrical storms reach into the stratosphere and have implications for how our atmosphere protects us from radiation.</div>
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Other images were presented last year at<span style="font-size: 1.2em;"> the European Geosciences Union meeting in Vienna.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">'We wanted to see what happens above a thunderstorm,' said Olivier Chanrion of the Danish National Space Institute in Lyngby.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">'What we see is that at the top of the cloud in what we call the 'turrets', there is incredible activity.'</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Mogensen saw sprites, called C-sprites, that create red-coloured tendrils more than 50 miles (80 km) above the ground.</span></div>
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<img alt="Upwards lightning is normally caused by a preceding flash moving from the cloud to Earth, and involves a bolt moving from the ground to the clouds" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="422" id="i-138aa94267748145" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/02/09/17/3D02903D00000578-0-image-a-4_1486660273902.jpg" width="634" /></div>
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Upwards lightning is normally caused 
by a preceding flash moving from the cloud to Earth, and involves a bolt
 moving from the ground to the clouds</div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">They last for just a few milliseconds, making them incredibly hard to capture on camera.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Named
 after Shakespeare's mischievous sprite Puck, from A Midsummer Night's 
Dream, sprites are caused by irregularities in the ionosphere - a region
 of Earth's upper atmosphere. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">They show up red at higher altitudes and fade to blue at lower heights.</span></div>
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<img alt="A stunning light show featuring 'blue blobs' (shown), upside down lightning, red sprites (above the blue blob) and mile-long jets, were captured over Earth" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="330" id="i-4222662fcc1376e" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/04/26/21/3390205C00000578-3560223-image-a-28_1461701758457.jpg" width="634" /></div>
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A stunning light show featuring 'blue 
blobs' (shown), upside down lightning, red sprites (above the blue blob)
 and mile-long jets, were captured over Earth</div>
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<a href="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/04/26/21/3390229A00000578-3560223-image-a-37_1461701883204.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Finally the blue jet is formed" border="0" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="247" id="i-8ed34658f564ef86" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/04/26/21/3390229A00000578-3560223-image-a-37_1461701883204.jpg" width="195" /></a><a href="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/04/26/21/33900BD800000578-3560223-image-a-36_1461701883203.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The blue jet begins to form" border="0" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="247" id="i-6a45945b61143cc5" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/04/26/21/33900BD800000578-3560223-image-a-36_1461701883203.jpg" width="195" /></a><a href="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/04/26/21/33900BDD00000578-3560223-image-m-35_1461701873318.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The continued formation of the blue jet" border="0" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="247" id="i-1f69636fe2899bf" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/04/26/21/33900BDD00000578-3560223-image-m-35_1461701873318.jpg" width="195" /></a></div>
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<div class="art-ins mol-factbox floatRHS sciencetech" id="mol-21f05570-eeec-11e6-845d-b56b48b99f47" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Mogensen also recorded the first blue jets to ever be
captured on film from space. Blue jets are enormous bursts of electrical
discharge spiking upwards. Pictured is a blue jet forming</span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">WHAT IS UPWARDS LIGHTNING? </span></span>                            </h3>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Upwards
 lightning is normally caused by a preceding flash moving from the cloud
 to Earth, and involves a bolt moving from the ground to the clouds.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The
 preceding flash causes an electrical field change, which allows an 
upward positive leader to originate from a tall object like a building 
or wind turbine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">During winter snow storms, it is possible for tall objects to initiate upwards lightning without preceding flashes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Upwards lightning is very rare - estimates suggest less than one per cent of lightning travels in an 'upwards' direction.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">However,
 this phenomenon captured on video appears to have been jets in the 
upper atmosphere, and not the same type of upwards lightning described 
here.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Mogensen also recorded the first blue jets to ever be captured on film from space.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Blue jets are enormous bursts of electrical discharge spiking upward from storm clouds in the upper atmosphere.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">They emerge from the electrically-charged cores of thunderstorms and rise up to 30 miles upwards in the shape of a cone.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">But the blue blobs were the biggest surprise.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">They only lasted a few seconds, and were a few miles across.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">'They were dancing over the top of the cloud, and we called them glimpses,' says Chanrion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">'We
 sometimes saw around 100 glimpses per minute, and we think they're 
integrated between the top and bottom layers of the cloud.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">'But it's only a first step and we need to find out more.'</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Mogensen took four videos and 160 images from the ISS. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The footage of the storms was shot over Costa Rica, Mexico, Eastern India and Thailand.</span></div>
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<img alt="Mr Mogensen aimed for cloud turrets ¿ pillars of cloud extending into the upper atmosphere ¿ and shot a short video showing 245 blue flashes" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="417" id="i-237a22e295350e1f" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/02/09/17/3D02904D00000578-0-Mr_Mogensen_aimed_for_cloud_turrets_pillars_of_cloud_extending_i-a-7_1486660557431.jpg" width="634" /></div>
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Mr Mogensen aimed for cloud turrets – 
pillars of cloud extending into the upper atmosphere – and shot a short 
video showing 245 blue flashes</div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">'We
 used forecasts to decide which storms would be of interest and sent him
 messages telling him where to point his camera,' says Chanrion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Torsten
 Neubert from the Danish National Space Institute also displayed images 
of upside-down lighting taken in India by Rajesh Singh of the KSK 
Geomagnetic Research Laboratory.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">The images show jets of lightning, as long as 11 miles, branching out from the top.</span></div>
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<img alt="Upwards lightning is normally caused by a preceding flash moving from the cloud to Earth, and involves a bolt moving from the ground to the clouds. The preceding flash causes an electrical field change, which allows an upward positive leader to originate from a tall object like a building or wind turbine" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="423" id="i-5fb8de3c22795142" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/04/26/21/33902CF300000578-3560223-image-a-38_1461702511671.jpg" width="634" /></div>
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Upwards lightning is normally caused 
by a preceding flash moving from the cloud to Earth, and involves a bolt
 moving from the ground to the clouds. The preceding flash causes an 
electrical field change, which allows an upward positive leader to 
originate from a tall object like a building or wind turbine</div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">'They
 only last around 20 to 40 milliseconds,' says Neubert, who likens a 
thunderstorm to a battery wedged between two conductors – Earth and the 
ionosphere.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">These
 rarely seen, highly charged meteorological events are known as gigantic
 jets, and they flash up to the lower levels of space, or ionosphere.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">While
 they don't occur every time there is lightning, the electrical 
fingerprints are far larger than their downward striking cousins.</span></div>
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<img alt="This graphic shows where different weather phenomenon form in Earth's atmosphere. Elves, sprites and blue jets have all be seen from the cupola in the space station by astronauts 249 miles (400km) above Earth" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="476" id="i-987406a69a0c20f8" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/04/26/21/3390110E00000578-3560223-image-a-21_1461701190383.jpg" width="634" /></div>
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This graphic shows where different 
weather phenomenon form in Earth's atmosphere. Elves, sprites and blue 
jets have all be seen from the cupola in the space station by 
astronauts 249 miles (400km) above Earth<span style="font-size: small;">. </span><span style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">dailymail</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">It appears from the amount of electricity discharged by conventional lightning and gigantic jets is comparable.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">But
 the gigantic jets travel farther and faster than conventional lightning
 because thinner air between the clouds and ionosphere provides less 
resistance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Whereas
 a conventional lightning bolt follows a six-inch channel and travels 
about 4.5 miles down to earth, gigantic jets recorded by the scientists 
contain multiple channels.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Scientists are still not completely sure what conditions or what types of storms are conducive to gigantic jet formation.</span></div>
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<img alt="Scientists are now studying the images to help them better explain how these strange weather conditions form, and what impact they make on our planet. Pictured is a mysterious 'blue blob' forming above Earth" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="423" id="i-46e34fe75f91ca4d" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/04/26/21/33902CEE00000578-3560223-image-a-39_1461702526509.jpg" width="634" /></div>
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Scientists are now studying the images
 to help them better explain how these strange weather conditions form, 
and what impact they make on our planet. Pictured is a mysterious 'blue 
blob' forming above Earth<span style="font-size: large;">. <i><span style="font-size: small;">dailymail</span></i></span></div>
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<b>Read more:</b>
  <br />
<ul>
<li id="ext-gen136"><a class="js-tl" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2085787-upside-down-lightning-and-mystery-blue-glimpses-caught-on-film/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Upside-down lightning and mystery blue glimpses caught on film | New Scientist</a></li>
</ul>
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Mystery red sprites and blue jets are spotted in space

Astronaut captures best ever images of the strange sights from the ISS For years, their existence has been debated - elusive electric...

Real-life 'Raiders of the Lost Ark': Archaeologists set to search ancient Covenant site

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<span style="font-size: small;">   © The Kiriath-Jearim Expedition / Facebook

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An international team of archaeologists has announced plans to 
search an area the Bible claims once stored the Ark of the Covenant, as 
well as a temple to a Hebrew god.

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<span style="font-size: small;">Situated
 on one of the highest hills in west Jerusalem, Kiriath-Jearim is 
mentioned in the Bible as a resting place of the Ark of the Covenant, a 
gold gilded wooden chest from the Book of Exodus which contained tablets
 inscribed with the Ten Commandments. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">In
 1905, a farmer discovered remnants of a Byzantine place of worship on 
the hill. This summer, archaeologists from Tel Aviv University and 
College de France will climb the mound to search for new information 
regarding passages from the Hebrew Bible. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The dig <a href="http://www.college-de-france.fr/site/milieux-bibliques/Mission-archeologique-de-Kiriath-Jearim.htm">organizers</a> say their objective is to unearth any other buried mysteries at the largely unexplored Iron Age site.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><i>“The
 excavation will also make it possible to determine if there existed in 
the Judean mountains… a temple dedicated to the god Baal,”</i> a College de France statement said. <i>“In
 addition, the search will provide a better understanding of the 
historical background of important Biblical passages, including those 
related to the Ark of the Covenant.”</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">According to Biblical 
writings, the Ark of the Covenant was constructed by Moses at the behest
 of God and accompanied the Israelites during their 40 years of exile in
 the desert.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Excavation
 at the 6-hectare site is due to take place between August and September
 and will be led by Tel Aviv University researcher Israel Finkelstein.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>“The place is important for several reasons,”</i> Finkelstein told the <a href="http://www.timesofisrael.com/archaeologists-to-break-ground-at-biblical-site-where-ark-of-the-covenant-stood/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter">Times of Israel</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>“It’s
 a large, central site in the Jerusalem hills that hasn’t been studied 
until now. It may be the only key site in Judah that hasn’t undergone a 
systematic archaeological excavation.”</i></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">In the First Book of <a href="https://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/1-sam/5?lang=eng">Samuel</a>,
 the ark brought curses, plagues and suffering</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> to the Philistines. Its 
terrifying metaphysical powers have been adopted by Hollywood filmmakers
 such as Steven Spielberg and Cecil B. DeMille.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Spielberg’s 1981 <i>“Raiders of the Lost Ark”</i>
 saw the sacred covenant become the object of a race against time 
between fictional archaeologist Indiana Jones and Nazi antagonists.</span><br />
<br />
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Real-life 'Raiders of the Lost Ark': Archaeologists set to search ancient Covenant site

Near-space flight of solar drone

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<span style="font-size: small;">BEIJING, Feb. 7 (<a href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-02/07/c_136038056.htm" target="_blank">Xinhua</a>) -- China will test how its largest solar 
drone performs near-space flight this year, according to the China 
Academy of Aerospace Aerodynamics (CAAA) Tuesday.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">With a wingspan of more than 40 meters, wider than that of a Boeing 
737 passenger plane, the rainbow series drone has just passed its first 
full-scale test flight, according to chief engineer of the CAAA drone 
project Shi Wen.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">The drone is the second largest solar-powered drone in the world, 
beaten only by a model by NASA, said Shi, adding its performance index 
and technological capacity are among the most advanced in the world.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">The drone is capable of flying at an extremely high altitude for a long time and its maintenance is easy and simple, he added.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">Th chief engineer did not elaborate on details, but said such drones 
can usually ascend to an <i>altitude of 20 to 30 kilometers, and cruise at a
 speed of 150 to 200 km per hour.</i></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">The unmanned aerial vehicle will be </span><i>used mostly for airborne early 
warning, aerial reconnaissance, disaster monitoring, meteorological 
observation and communications relay</i><span style="font-size: small;">, according to Shi. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></div>
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Near-space flight of solar drone

BEIJING, Feb. 7 ( Xinhua ) -- China will test how its largest solar drone performs near-space flight this year, according to the Chi...

Use UAVs to development of environment projects

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<br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;">UAVs turn to development, environment projects </span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">China's 
success in producing and exporting unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for 
military use is prompting the industry to explore new civilian uses, 
which will help develop the domestic economy and tap overseas market, 
experts said.<br />  "Our products are very popular in the Belt and Road 
countries in the Middle East, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa and 
so on," Shi Wen, general designer of the Rainbow UAV series (CH series),
 told the Global Times.<br /> Produced by the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp (CASC), the CH series is its most popular drone product. <br /> Shi declined to identify the buyers, citing business confidentiality.<br /> <br /> However, according to official sources from other countries, <b>Rainbow at least has 19 buyers around the world</b>,
 including Egypt, Myanmar, Iraq, Pakistan, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia. 
Since 2015, the Iraqi defense ministry's YouTube channel has posted a 
number of videos about the use of the CH-4B, a military drone of the 
Rainbow series. These clips show how effective the drones are in real 
combat situations, such as destroying moving armed vehicles or buildings
 used by armed terrorists as hideouts. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>The fast development of China's UAVs relies on development in areas like aircraft engines, satellite navigation (<a href="http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/933993.shtml">Beidou</a> system) and micro electronics</b>, Song Zhongping, a Hong Kong-based military expert told the Global Times.<br /> <br />
 Chinese drones have not had the same poor publicity as US military 
drones. Shi said Rainbow series drones "have destroyed more than 300 
targets in combat in these regions, and the<b><i> </i>strike rate is 99 percent</b>, which is remarkable."<br /> <br />
 But Chinese companies are also exploring other markets where drones can
 make a big impact on development, which will help improve the image of 
the technology, as most people only know about military drones, experts 
said.<br /> <br /> "Since China has very complicated conditions, if our UAVs
 work well here, we can use this experience to help other countries as 
well. And this is much more meaningful than military uses," Song 
stressed. <br /> <br /> Zhou Nai'en, associate director of CASC's design department at its research institute, said that <b>drones can be used for forest protection, exploration of underground resources, and for ocean monitoring. </b><br /> <br />
 "For instance, China's territory is vast and has some of the most 
difficult natural and geographic conditions in the word. And in many 
cases, if we use manpower to discover natural resources, it would be 
very difficult and costly due to the harsh natural environment. It's 
also dangerous sometimes, but using drones can make many 'impossible 
missions' possible," Zhou said.<br /> <br /> <b>The newest CH-5 drone can carry high-tech exploration devices that can detect underground mines.</b> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">It flies over no-go areas and detects mines using surface reflections, saving a lot of time and money, he said. </span><br />
<br />
<i>By Yang Sheng Source: Global Times Published: 2017/2/7</i><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Iraq Army CH4 drone strike
</span></h3>
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Use UAVs to development of environment projects

UAVs turn to development, environment projects China's success in producing and exporting unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for mil...

Japan's 'fishing net' for space junk crashes back to Earth as radical mission fails

Japan's 'fishing net' for space junk crashes back to Earth as radical mission fails

THE WORLD OF SPACE JUNK An experimental Japanese mission to clear 'space junk' or rubbish from the Earth's orbit has ...

Through time: Photographer revisits spots of historic Stalingrad battle pictures (PHOTOS)

A Russian photographer has created a gallery of unique images, 
combining photos from the battle of Stalingrad and photos of the same 
locations 74 years later, as a reminder of the bloodiest confrontation 
of World War II. </div>
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Aleksandr Skvorin has been 
searching Volgograd (former Stalingrad) and the surrounding steppe for 
the exact spots where photographs were taken in 1942 and 1943, and 
combined them with images of modern life in times of peace, taken from 
the same spots.<br />
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The Volgograd photographer told V1 website that he has been fascinated by the historic battle since his years in high school.<br />
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He began by poring over 
Russian books on the topic, and then switched to the works of authors 
from Germany and other countries, coming across many historical photos 
taken in Stalingrad.<br />
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<em>“I always had an 
understanding that massive events, which changed the course of the human
 history, happened right outside my front door,”</em> Skvorin said.<br />
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<em>“It’s amazing. You can 
read a book then jump into your car and drive the same streets, with the
 same buildings, which were witnesses to those events,”</em> he added.<br />
The photographer said that sometimes he had to drive hundreds of kilometers to find the place where a certain picture was taken.<br />
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But there were “many hints” 
that helped him in his work, as “the steppe is still riddled with lines 
of trenches and dugouts” left after half a year of intense fighting.<br />
Stalingrad
 saw the bloodiest confrontation of World War II, claiming over two 
million lives between August 1942 and February 1943.<br />
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By September, the fighting in
 the steppe was over, as the Nazis forced the Soviets to retreat into 
the city of Stalingrad itself.<br />
Street fighting was fierce. Every 
building became a bloody battleground, and the average life expectancy 
of a soldier was about 24 hours.<br />
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Despite mounting casualties, 
neither side was willing to back down, with both Hitler and Stalin 
sending more reinforcements to the front-line.<br />
By mid-November, the Nazis had most of Stalingrad under their control, but left their flanks exposed.<br />
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The Red Army seized the 
opportunity to start a counter-offensive, which eventually allowed it to
 surround the Nazis and cut off their supply routes.<br />
The battle, 
in which the city of Stalingrad was reduced to rubble, ended the Nazi 
offensive on the Eastern Front and signaled a turning point in the 
conflict.</div>
<br />
<br /></div>

Through time: Photographer revisits spots of historic Stalingrad battle pictures (PHOTOS)

A Russian photographer has created a gallery of unique images, combining photos from the battle of Stalingrad and photos of ...

Possible Nuclear Fuel Debris Found at Fukushima Reactor Site

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<b>Radiation levels at Fukushima are so high that they can MELT robot camera probes sent into the reactors</b>
<br />
Radiation levels inside a stricken reactor at Japan's Fukushima nuclear plant have hit a record high.<br />
Levels are now so high that they could kill off robots sent in to probe the reactors.<br />
The development casts doubt over how the disaster-hit facility will be safely dismantled in the future.<br />
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<img alt="Radiation levels inside a stricken reactor at Japan's Fukushima nuclear plant have hit a record high. Levels are so high that they could kill off robots sent in to probe the reactors. This image shows a photograph taken by a probe sent into Fukushima's No. 2 reactor" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="365" id="i-d828f2b1f3ceb1d1" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/02/03/13/3CC96CDD00000578-4188146-Radiation_levels_inside_a_stricken_reactor_at_Japan_s_Fukushima_-a-30_1486127371841.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); display: block; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="634" /><br />
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Radiation levels inside a stricken reactor at Japan's Fukushima nuclear plant have hit a record high. Levels are so high that they could kill off robots sent in to probe the reactors. This image shows a photograph taken by a probe sent into Fukushima's No. 2 reactor</div>
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After a manually operated camera probed the deepest point yet within the reactor, Tokyo Electric Power Co (TEPCO) estimate that radiation levels inside the plant's No. 2 reactor have hit 530 sieverts per hour.</div>
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Radiation exposure at 530 sieverts per hour would effectively shut down TEPCO's planned robot camera probe in under two hours.</div>
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TEPCO said the radiation is not leaking outside the reactor. </div>
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The previous record at Fukushima was 73 sieverts per hour detected by sensors in 2012, TEPCO said.</div>
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But TEPCO said the high reading focused on a single point with levels likely to be much lower at other spots.</div>
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It added that future robot probes would not sustain severe damage because it was unlikely to linger for too long at a single point.</div>
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TEPCO's radiation readings were made by a radiation resistant robot probe. </div>
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The three cameras mounted on the caterpillar-type robot are designed to withstand up to 1,000 sieverts in total.</div>
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The 60-centimetre (2-foot) long robot has lamps at the front and is designed to crawl like a snake through a 10-centimetre (4-inch) wide pipe into the containment vessel.</div>
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Once inside the reactor, the robot flips into a U-shaped crawler and captures live images and temperature and radiation levels.</div>
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<img alt="After a manually operated camera (pictured) probed the deepest point yet within the reactor, Tokyo Electric Power Co (TEPCO) estimate that radiation levels inside the plant's No. 2 reactor have hit 530 sieverts per hour" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="423" id="i-71f9cfd51254f7bb" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/02/03/13/3CC9812E00000578-4188146-image-a-4_1486127149948.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); display: block; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="634" /><div class="overlay-icon mobile-gallery" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4); background-position: 0px center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border-radius: 3px; bottom: 11px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: table; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; height: 36px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 34px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 10px; text-align: left;">
<span style="display: table-cell; float: none; letter-spacing: -0.01em; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 2px; vertical-align: middle;">+7</span></div>
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After a manually operated camera (pictured) probed the deepest point yet within the reactor, Tokyo Electric Power Co (TEPCO) estimate that radiation levels inside the plant's No. 2 reactor have hit 530 sieverts per hour</div>
</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: graphik; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.16px; margin: 0px 0px 16px; min-height: 0px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
The robot transmitted them to a control station outside the building.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: graphik; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.16px; margin: 0px 0px 16px; min-height: 0px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
A massive undersea earthquake on March 11, 2011 sent a huge tsunami barrelling into Japan's northeast coast leaving more than 18,000 people dead or missing.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: graphik; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.16px; margin: 0px 0px 16px; min-height: 0px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
Three reactors were sent into meltdown at the Fukushima plant in the worst such accident since Chernobyl in 1986.</div>
<div class="artSplitter mol-img-group" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; clear: both; color: black; font-family: graphik; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.16px; margin: 0px auto 4px; min-height: 1px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; width: 636px; word-spacing: 0px;">
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<img alt="Radiation exposure at 530 sieverts per hour would effectively shut down TEPCO's planned robot camera probe in under two hours. TEPCO said the radiation is not leaking outside the reactor" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="393" id="i-5fd8cb0e518bdec9" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/02/03/13/3CC9813600000578-4188146-image-a-2_1486127117844.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); display: block; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="634" /><div class="overlay-icon mobile-gallery" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4); background-position: 0px center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border-radius: 3px; bottom: 11px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: table; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; height: 36px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 34px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 10px; text-align: left;">
<span style="display: table-cell; float: none; letter-spacing: -0.01em; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 2px; vertical-align: middle;">+7</span></div>
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Radiation exposure at 530 sieverts per hour would effectively shut down TEPCO's planned robot camera probe in under two hours. TEPCO said the radiation is not leaking outside the reactor</div>
</div>
<div class="artSplitter mol-img-group" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; clear: both; color: black; font-family: graphik; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.16px; margin: 0px auto 4px; min-height: 1px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; width: 636px; word-spacing: 0px;">
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<img alt="The previous record at Fukushima was 73 sieverts per hour detected by sensors in 2012, TEPCO said. But TEPCO said the high reading focused on a single point with levels likely to be much lower at other spots" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="476" id="i-177ee073fb3af393" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/02/03/13/3CA930F200000578-4188146-image-a-3_1486127126981.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); display: block; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="634" /><div class="overlay-icon mobile-gallery" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4); background-position: 0px center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border-radius: 3px; bottom: 11px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: table; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; height: 36px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 34px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 10px; text-align: left;">
<span style="display: table-cell; float: none; letter-spacing: -0.01em; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 2px; vertical-align: middle;">+7</span></div>
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The previous record at Fukushima was 73 sieverts per hour detected by sensors in 2012, TEPCO said. But TEPCO said the high reading focused on a single point with levels likely to be much lower at other spots</div>
</div>
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Japan's government said in December that it expects the total costs to reach £152 billion ($190 billion) in a cleanup process likely to take decades.</div>
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High radiation levels have greatly slowed operations.</div>
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TEPCO has said it plans to eventually use robots to locate the fuel debris as part of the decommissioning process.</div>
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<img alt="It added that the planned robot probe would not sustain severe damage because it was unlikely to linger for too long at a single point" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="476" id="i-87d5c04957a12246" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/02/03/13/3CA8A11C00000578-4188146-image-a-6_1486127190755.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); display: block; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="634" /><div class="overlay-icon mobile-gallery" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4); background-position: 0px center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border-radius: 3px; bottom: 11px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: table; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; height: 36px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 34px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 10px; text-align: left;">
<span style="display: table-cell; float: none; letter-spacing: -0.01em; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 2px; vertical-align: middle;">+7</span></div>
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It added that the planned robot probe would not sustain severe damage because it was unlikely to linger for too long at a single point</div>
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<img alt="The three cameras mounted on a caterpillar-type robot are designed to withstand up to 1,000 sieverts in total. The 60-centimeter (2-foot) long robot has a lamp at the front and was designed to crawl like a snake through a 10-centimeter (4-inch) wide pipe" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="423" id="i-4b93ce0e6bba767a" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/02/03/13/3CC9810B00000578-4188146-image-a-5_1486127169793.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); display: block; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="634" /><div class="overlay-icon mobile-gallery" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4); background-position: 0px center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border-radius: 3px; bottom: 11px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: table; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; height: 36px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 34px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 10px; text-align: left;">
<span style="display: table-cell; float: none; letter-spacing: -0.01em; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 2px; vertical-align: middle;">+7</span></div>
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The three cameras mounted on a caterpillar-type robot are designed to withstand up to 1,000 sieverts in total. The 60-centimeter (2-foot) long robot has a lamp at the front and was designed to crawl like a snake through a 10-centimeter (4-inch) wide pipe</div>
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<img alt="Once inside the reactor, the robot transformed into a U-shaped crawler and captured live images and temperature and radiation levels" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="476" id="i-56872d4e3fdc5f0a" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/02/03/13/3CA9407100000578-4188146-image-a-7_1486127204234.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); display: block; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="634" /><div class="overlay-icon mobile-gallery" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4); background-position: 0px center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border-radius: 3px; bottom: 11px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: table; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; height: 36px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 34px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 10px; text-align: left;">
<span style="display: table-cell; float: none; letter-spacing: -0.01em; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 2px; vertical-align: middle;">+7</span></div>
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Once inside the reactor, the robot transformed into a U-shaped crawler and captured live images and temperature and radiation levels</div>
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Images of the wreckage inside the No. 2 reactor show that the metal grating under the pressure vessel which contained nuclear fuel has largely sunken in, causing a hole about one metre wide.</div>
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Black debris that could be melted fuel is also seen in the images.</div>
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Fuel may have melted through the vessel and damaged the grating but the exact cause was not determined, TEPCO spokesman Tatsuhiro Yamagishi said Friday.</div>
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'It may have been caused by nuclear fuel that would have melted and made a hole in the vessel, but it is only a hypothesis at this stage,' he told AFP.</div>
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'We believe the captured images offer very useful information, but we still need to investigate given that it is very difficult to assume the actual condition inside,' he said. </div>
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Possible Nuclear Fuel Debris Found at Fukushima Reactor Site

Radiation levels at Fukushima are so high that they can MELT robot camera probes sent into the reactors Radiation levels inside a stri...

'Miracle material' graphene can now be made with COOKING OIL

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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheODAtVbmnMS6lyV7FO7YXMz51i4n7kxvCjr1NzuSJ4oLarhn-sEQzEzgVQBTe2kLgwBkvI8oVqU-gVte-d5vp996_6Zp51buEIh-8Zb9BdIKCYPCIxDw7jLAu5U6vVFgR3jBb4y3hR38/s1600/3ABFBA3D00000578-3971284-image-a-8_1480087130347.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheODAtVbmnMS6lyV7FO7YXMz51i4n7kxvCjr1NzuSJ4oLarhn-sEQzEzgVQBTe2kLgwBkvI8oVqU-gVte-d5vp996_6Zp51buEIh-8Zb9BdIKCYPCIxDw7jLAu5U6vVFgR3jBb4y3hR38/s640/3ABFBA3D00000578-3971284-image-a-8_1480087130347.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Graphic shows the molecular structure of graphene, which researchers have compared to chicken wire</span></td></tr>
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<h1 id="ext-gen160">
It's 200 times stronger than steel.</h1>
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Researchers have turned everyday cooking oil into the wonder material graphene.</div>
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The new technique could make the typically pricey nanomaterial ten times cheaper to produce.</div>
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It
 also provides scientists with an inventive new way to recycle waste 
oil, while producing <b>a material that is 200 times stronger than steel. </b></div>
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The material could be used to create everything from quantum computers to flexible television displays.  </div>
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<img alt=" Researchers have turned everyday cooking oil into the wonder material graphene. The new technique could make the typically pricey nanomaterial far cheaper to produce. Image shows researcher Dr Dong Han Seo, co-author of the study, holding a small piece of graphene film" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="423" id="i-2bae0d071db6a440" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/02/01/14/3CB9950D00000578-4179670-The_researchers_can_currently_only_make_a_sheet_of_graphene_arou-a-22_1485959463090.jpg" style="display: block;" width="634" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-1">
  
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 Researchers have turned everyday 
cooking oil into the wonder material graphene. The new technique could 
make the typically pricey nanomaterial far cheaper to produce. Image 
shows researcher Dr Dong Han Seo, co-author of the study, holding a 
small piece of graphene film</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
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Graphene is a single sheet of carbon atoms that is incredibly strong and thin.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
It is 200 times stronger than steel, harder than diamond, and bends like malleable plastic.</div>
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The material conducts electricity better than copper, and could be used to make high-powered, flexible TV screens and phones.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" id="ext-gen155">
Scientists
 from Canberra, Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial 
Research Organisation (CSIRO) have now made graphene using cheap soybean
 cooking oil.</div>
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'One of the limiting 
factors in utilising graphene is the high price compared to other 
materials,' said lead researcher Dr Zhao Jun Han.</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font">
'If we reduce the price, we can promote its application.'</div>
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With
 a cheaper, quicker way to produce graphene than ever before, the 
researchers hope that their finding can kick start a graphene 
revolution.</div>
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They are calling their new technique 'GraphAir'.</div>
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The
 method involves heating soybean cooking oil in a tube furnace for 
around 30 minutes, causing it to break down into its basic carbon 
building blocks.</div>
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<img alt="Graphene is a single sheet of carbon atoms that is incredibly strong and thin. It is 200 times stronger than steel, harder than diamond, and bends like malleable plastic. Graphene could be used to make roll-up flexible TV screens, such as this 18-inch LG display unveiled last year" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="423" id="i-d509b8bd2a0fc45b" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/11/25/16/3AC00FFD00000578-3971284-image-a-17_1480090045088.jpg" style="display: block;" width="634" /><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-2">
  
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Graphene is a single sheet of carbon 
atoms that is incredibly strong and thin. It is 200 times stronger than 
steel, harder than diamond, and bends like malleable plastic. Graphene 
could be used to make roll-up flexible TV screens, such as this 18-inch 
LG display unveiled last year</div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">GRAPHENE'S APPLICATIONS </span></h3>
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- In May 2016 a Chinese company created bendable smart phones made from graphene that could be worn like a futuristic bracelet.</div>
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-
 Graphene is also being used to fight superbugs: In March this year it 
was found that the wonder material could be used to fight infections if 
coated on surgeons' tools because of its germ-killing properties.</div>
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-
 Ribbons of the high tech material could even be strapped to plane wings
 to keep them free of ice in flight: In January 2016 scientists from 
Rice University proved that the material has electrothermal properties.</div>
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The heated carbon is then cooled down on a nickel foil where it settles as a thin square of graphene just one atom thick.</div>
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This
  method is far quicker than the conventional technique, which  must use
 purified materials fused at intense temperatures in a vacuum over 
several hours.</div>
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At one carbon atom thick, graphene is 80,000 times thinner than a human hair. </div>
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As
 well as its impressive physical properties, the material can be 
utilised as a powerful superconductor that carries electricity with zero
 resistance.</div>
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Graphene-based
 pixels could change colour as they change shape, as illustrated in this
 graphic. These pixels could one day help to build more durable and 
energy-efficient display screens. <i> dailymail</i></div>
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A study last year found that graphene could be used to make phone batteries that last 25 per cent longer.</div>
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The material could also be used to filter pollution out of the air. </div>
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But
 until a cost-effective method of making graphene is found, it will be 
decades before it can be used in everyday phones and TVs.</div>
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And the Australian team hope that their technique can bring that date forward.</div>
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The
 researchers can currently only make a sheet of graphene around the size
 of a credit card but hope to refine their technique in future.</div>
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'The
 potential is enormous,' David Officer, a graphene expert from 
Australia's University of Wollongong, who wasn't involved in the study, 
told Australian broadcaster <a class="" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-31/scientists-cook-up-super-strong-graphene-out-of-soybean-oil/8223686" rel="nofollow" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">ABC</a>.</div>
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'[But]
 the question will be whether you can economically scale a method like 
this, where they've sealed it inside a furnace tube, to create and 
handle metre-sized films.' <i> dailymail</i></div>

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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">WHAT IS GRAPHENE? </span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Graphene is a single atomic layer of carbon atoms bound in a hexagonal network.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">It
 not only promises to revolutionize semiconductor, sensor, and display 
technology, but could also lead to breakthroughs in fundamental quantum 
physics research.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">It is often depicted as an atomic-scale chicken wire made of carbon atoms and their bonds.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Scientists
 believe it could one day be used to make transparent conducting 
materials, biomedical sensors and even extremely light, yet strong, 
aircraft of the future.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">Similar
 to another important nanomaterial - carbon nanotubes - graphene is 
incredibly strong - around 200 times stronger than structural steel. </span></div>
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'Miracle material' graphene can now be made with COOKING OIL

Graphic shows the molecular structure of graphene, which researchers have compared to chicken wire It's 200 times stronger than s...