DPRK "Hwasong-14" Video Launch Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile

North Korea has tested a new intercontinental ballistic missile that could hit the continental United States.
Combined with Pyongyang’s miniaturized nuclear warheads — which many analysts believe North Korea already possesses — Kim Jong Un’s regime now has the ability to unleash nuclear Armageddon on the American homeland. That means America’s policymakers must make a decision — either live with a nuclear-armed North Korea or launch a military response. There is little prospect of coaxing North Korea to give up its nuclear weapons program.

“The U.S. Department of Defense detected and tracked a single North Korea missile launch yesterday at about 10:41 a.m. EDT. We assess that this missile was an intercontinental ballistic missile, as had been expected,” Pentagon spokesman Capt. Jeff Davis said in a statement. “The missile was launched from Mupyong-ni and traveled about 1000 km before splashing down in the Sea of Japan.  We are working with our interagency partners on a more detailed assessment.”
The Pentagon is already discussing a military response to the North Korean test. “Subsequent to the North Korean intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) launch today, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Joseph F. Dunford, Jr., and Commander, U.S. Pacific Command, Admiral Harry Harris called the Republic of Korea Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman, General Lee Sun Jin,” reads a statement from the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
“During the call Dunford and Harris expressed the ironclad commitment to the U.S.-Republic of Korea alliance. The three leaders also discussed military response options.  Harris joined Dunford in his Pentagon office to make the phone call.”

According to David Wright of the Union of Concerned Scientists, the North Korean weapon could easily hit the United States.
“It appears the ground range of the test was around 1,000 km, which put it in or close to Japanese territorial waters. Reports also say the maximum altitude of the launch was 3,700 km (2,300 miles) with a flight time of about 47 minutes,” Wright wrote.

“If those numbers are correct, flown on a standard trajectory the missile would have a range 10,400 km (6,500 miles), not taking into account the rotation of the Earth.”

Kim Jong Un gazes at a North Korean Hwasong-14 ICBM on July 4. KCNA photo

Indeed, by Wright’s calculation, most of America’s largest cities are well within the range of the North Korean missile. However, Washington D.C. is probably just outside of Pyongyang’s reach. “Los Angeles, Denver, Chicago appear to be well within range of this missile, and that Boston and New York may be just within range,” Wright wrote.
“Washington D.C. may be just out of range.”

The one caveat is that it is not known what the North Korean missile was carrying in terms of payload. It is possible that the weapon’s operational range is shorter.
“It is important to keep in mind that we do not know what payload the missile carried on this test,” Wright wrote.
“If it was lighter than the actual warhead the missile would carry, the ranges would be shorter than those estimated above.”
While there is some doubt as to whether the North Koreans have a miniaturized warhead that can fit atop their ICBM, arms control and missile expert Jeffrey Lewis said that Pyongyang claims to have tested such a device.

“They claim they tested it in September.  I believe them,” Lewis wrote in a tweet.
The problem for the United States is further compounded by the fact that there is nothing in the Pentagon’s inventory that can shoot down an ICBM flying on this particular trajectory.
“We don’t have anything that could engage that class of target on that trajectory,” Lewis noted.
U.S. Army chief of staff Gen. Mark A. Milley told an audience at the National Press Club in Washington that the United States faces an imminent choice on what it must do to address the North Korean problem. Milley noted that none of the options facing Washington are good because Pyongyang’s nuclear weapons and ICBM programs are advancing faster than even the most pessimistic projections.

“We are at a point in time when choices will have to be made one way or the other, none of these choices are particularly palatable,” Milley said.
“But that does not relieve us of the responsibility of choice and we’re going to have to make a conscious decision that will have significant consequences … It’s not going to be a pretty picture.”

A North Korean Hwasong-14 ICBM launches on July 4, 2017. KCNA photo

Lewis noted that the only realistic policy option for the United States is to “be deterred” — though the Pentagon is contemplating a military response.
If the situation on the Korean peninsula devolves into open warfare, the United States and South Korea would undoubtedly destroy North Korea’s military. But the cost would be extremely high, particularly for the civilian population in Seoul and other large cities in the region.
“A war on the Korean peninsula would be terrible,” Milley said. “However a nuclear weapon detonating over Los Angeles would be terrible.”

Ultimately, there is little Washington can do other than to live with a nuclear-armed North Korea. Pyongyang has little incentive to give up what it sees as its trump card to ensure the survival of the Kim regime.
“Only an atomic bomb offers certain deterrence against the overwhelming military power of populous and prosperous South Korea backed by the U.S. superpower,” Doug Bandow, a senior fellow at the Cato Institute wrote for The National Interest.

“Nuclear weapons also are a handy weapon of extortion. The ultimate bomb offers an important reward to a military that plays an important political role.”
Indeed, when the United States helped to overthrow Muammar Gaddafi in 2011 after the Libyan dictator had agreed to give up his weapons of mass destruction, Pyongyang became even more determined to hold onto its nuclear weapons. Essentially, North Korea made the simple realist calculus that a weapon that might deter the United States and preserve the regime overrides any economic or diplomatic benefit, such as a security guarantee.



“Libya’s nuclear dismantlement much touted by the U.S. in the past turned out to be a mode of aggression whereby the latter coaxed the former with such sweet words as ‘guarantee of security’ and ‘improvement of relations’ to disarm and then swallowed it up by force,” the North Korean Foreign Ministry stated at the time — denouncing negotiations as a prelude to disarm the regime prior to an invasion.

It is likely — unless Pres. Donald Trump is willing to launch a preemptive strike on North Korea — that the United States will just have to adjust to the reality of a nuclear-armed Pyongyang. Such a move would not be unprecedented.
While the United States used to state prior to August 1949 that a nuclear-armed Soviet Union was unacceptable, subsequent to Moscow acquiring an atomic bomb, Washington quickly learned to accommodate the Kremlin.

This article originally appeared at The National Interest.

Gigantic 'Alien Mothership' Spotted by International Space Station

Footage has emerged of what leading UFO researchers believe to be an alien "mothership" – the mammoth craft was spotted on NASA's live feed of the space region adjacent to the International Space Station (ISS).

Fraternal alien fanatics Blake and Brett Cousins — renowned in the ufologist community for their YouTube account thirdphaseofmoon — published the baffling footage July 17.
In the clip, a hazy object swims into view in the background of the ISS — while seemingly a mere line of burning orange orbs initially, quickly the shape of what appears to be a spacefaring vessel gains contour and colour.

However, almost as soon as the unexplained entity gains definition, it melts back into the infinite darkness of space.
The clip itself, the Cousins duo said, is sped up by 900 percent — the actual event lasted over nine minutes.
The pair enlisted the expertise of a UFO aficionado to shed some light on what the apparent craft — which they claimed was "tracking" the station — might actually be.

"First, when I was looking at it, I don't know exactly what I was looking at, but as the video progresses and you start to see things begin to move… you see these orange dots around it, and one in particular is above it, almost as if the light is going to the ISS. At the end of it, entire thing almost shrinks up a little bit. It could be a giant mothership, with those small orange balls being the Earth excursion ships that are always visiting us," the expert said.

He went on to explain the "discs" typically seen by humans on Earth are in fact "little scout ships" released by motherships such as the one depicted in the video.



The video attracted over 40,000 views in a mere two days following its upload date (July 17), with many viewers theorizing in the comments section as to what the incongruity could be.
One was unequivocal and resolute — the sight was an "interstellar mothership" keeping an eye on NASA's activities. They went on to say NASA had lied about aliens ever since their first encounter with a UFO.

"It's pretty obvious we're either a protected planet like a nature reserve or under the protection or rule of another alien race. People wonder how come so many different craft come here. It's like the aliens are not allowed to say 'hello.' Why? Because we have been ruled from day one and still are. Pretty simple logic. Other aliens probably visit us to look, but have an agreement to not contact us, hence crop circles, graffiti? They probably say, 'poor humans being slaves I wish we could tell them!'

But it's much similar to the tribe that lives in the Andaman Islands, they have no contact with the rest of the world, they have no idea what's out there. Our governments won't let us say hello, and that's on Earth, so people don't be shocked that they are here but not allowed to speak to us, it's like the Earth is being run by Kim Jong-il," speculated user MrSonicseeds.



However, some were more circumspect, if not outright cynical, suggesting the footage in fact, depicted a storm in the Earth's upper atmosphere.
Strange sights near the ISS are a common phenomenon. According to the channel chiefs, they have documented a panoply of similar, mysterious anomalies on many of the hundreds of occasions they have tuned in to the feeds — nonetheless, despite the apparent regularity of these incidents, NASA and other space agencies operating out of the ISS almost invariably refuse to address ufologists' claims directly, instead merely denying they have so far encountered aliens, or uncovered evidence of otherworldly visitations.

August 2015: Pretty in Pink
Footage of a glowing light hovering over the Station (ISS) ignited fears aliens were monitoring Earth.




March 2016: ISS Under Attack!
NASA astronaut Scott Kelly and his ESA colleague Tim Peake jocularly announce they were "attacked" by aliens during their ISS mission.




May 2016: ISS Under Attack! Again!
ISS videos depicted a fuzzy, missile-shaped object heading for the station.



Some commentators believed it may be a UFO attack — still others an orbital weapon of the kind frequently boasted of by North Korea.

June 2016: Fireball Dead Ahead



ISS cameras captured an amazing scene — what appeared to be a large fireball streaking through space. UFO enthusiasts were convinced it was an alien craft, skeptics countered the fireball was simply a meteor entering Earth's atmosphere.

July 2016: NASA Cuts Feed
NASA sparked controversy after cutting off live video from the ISS after cameras spotted a bizarre unidentified flying object approaching the Earth.




August 2016: Don't Be a Square
​A distinct square shape much larger than Earth was spotted on two different ISS cameras 25 hours apart.



UFO hunters spotted the mystery cube and uploaded it to the web, leading many to speculate that it was an unidentified flying object that latched onto the orbit of the solar system.
The footage was apparently missing from a subsequent NASA upload, leading some ufologists to suggest the agency deliberately edited the footage.

August 2016: Flashing Lights Spotted



Strange lights were caught passing by the ISS, leading UFO expert Scott Waring to declare the footage proof aliens are monitoring the station.

September 2016: Unidentified Fluffy Object?
A video grab from the live feed, depicting a small, white orb, was posted by popular YouTube ufologist Streetcap1.
"Unidentified object is brighter on the left side due to the light from the Sun, so not Lens Flare. NASA cut the camera feed so quickly even though this was very distant, but I still managed to get a couple of frames to enlarge," the video description read.



Skeptics suggested it was instead an "unidentified fluffy object" — a mere speck of dust on the ISS' camera lens.

January 2017: NASA Cuts Live Feed… Again
A mysterious object again appeared on the live feed.
Extraterrestrial enthusiast John Craddick of Wolverhampton, England, said the object appeared "really small" at first, but then grew bigger over a period of 25 seconds, before NASA cut the feed.

Rare full-circle rainbow footage look from construction workers on a crane 1,515 feet

A construction crew working on a 1,515-foot skyscraper has captured the breathtaking moment a 360-degree rainbow appeared over St. Petersburg. As the footage pans over the continuous circle of the rainbow, it’s almost hard to believe your eyes – but, while it may be a remarkable sight, the phenomenon is not entirely uncommon, as long as you have the right vantage point.

Seeing a ‘full circle rainbow’ requires the right sky conditions and the right viewing angle, typically from high above the ground, so these natural wonders are usually only seen by pilots.

The stunning video uploaded to YouTube shows the full breadth of the 360-degree rainbow, appearing to stretch from the sky all the way down to the ground and the water below.

It was shot by a worker from the cabin of a massive crane in St Petersburg, where crew are building the 462-meter (1,515-foot) Kakhta Center skyscraper.

Being hundreds of feet above the ground, the construction workers were treated to a sight rarely seen by the average person.

But, while it may be rare to actually witness the spectacle, the formation itself is not.

All rainbows in their complete form are circular, we just can't see them from the ground except in extremely rare instances where conditions allow it.

From the ground, it is only possible to see droplets of water in the sky above us.

The angle of the sunlight passing through this water means we only ever see rainbows as an arc from the ground.

In reality, a rainbow never truly ends, it is just that the bottom half of the circle is 'blocked' by the horizon.

As the footage pans over the continuous circle of the rainbow, it’s almost hard to believe your eyes – but, while it may be a remarkable sight, the phenomenon is not entirely uncommon, as long as you have the right vantage point. dailymail

Seeing a ‘full circle rainbow’ requires the right sky conditions and the right viewing angle, typically from high above the ground, so these natural wonders are usually only seen by pilots

The height of the sun in the sky can determine how much of the rainbow can be seen – the lower the sun in the sky the higher the top of the rainbow.

So if viewed from high enough, more of the arc is revealed.

If there are water droplets beneath the viewer from a high viewpoint it can reveal the bottom half of the circle.

The stunning video uploaded to YouTube shows the full breadth of the 360-degree rainbow, appearing to stretch from the sky all the way down to the ground and the water below. It was shot by a worker from the cabin of a massive crane in St Petersburg. dailymail

This past fall, another breathtaking circular rainbow was spotted over the south coast city of Portsmouth, seen from a viewing deck atop the 328ft (100 meter) Emirates Spinnaker Tower.

Bernie Welch, 63, witnessed the rare sight from View Deck 1 of the Tower, where he had just started his morning shift as technical manager at the popular tourist attraction.

And, in October, two skydivers were stunned when, during their descent, they bore witness to a 360-degree rainbow.

Anthony Killeen, a British expat who was on his first skydive with an instructor over New Zealand's Bay of Islands, was 'laughing and ecstatic' when they spotted the technicolour spectrum that formed a perfect circle.

HOW A RAINBOW FORMS

Rainbows are created by droplets of water splitting sunlight into its constituent wavelengths, or colours.

White sunlight passes through droplets of water and is bent, this is because as light passes from the thin air to the dense water it slows down.

This effect is known as refraction, and can be seen whenever a plastic straw appears to bend and enlarge inside a glass of water - the bending light creates an optical illusion.

As white light is made up of different wavelengths, or colours, each bends a slightly different amount.

Some of the light also reflects off the back of the water droplet and is then bent again as it leaves the drop.

This results in a change of direction that can be around 138 degrees.

When facing away from the sun, this will result in a person seeing a band of light broken into its constituent colours - the typical seven colours of the rainbow.

PAK-FA's New Engines Make It 'Easily the Best 5th Gen Fighter in the World'

Independent military observer Vladimir Tuchkov outlines why the T-50 PAK-FA fighter's new, truly fifth-gen engines are set to turn the aircraft into easily the best fifth generation fighter aircraft in the world.

Last week, speaking to reporters on the sidelines of the MAKS-2017 air show, Russian Aerospace Defense Forces Commander Col. Gen. Viktor Bondarev told reporters that the first stage of state testing on the T-50 (PAK-FA) fifth generation stealth air superiority fighter have been completed, and that the first flight tests would be finished before the end of the year.
Trials will continue into 2018, and mass production of the T-50 for introduction into the air force is slated to begin in 2019.

One of major obstacles widely reported to have held the T-50 back from production in the past was the absence of a true fifth-generation engine for the aircraft, with prototypes of the aircraft using a derivative of the AL-41F1 engine, similar to the one used in the Sukhoi Su-35S 4++ generation multirole fighter.

But now, Russian designers are on the brink of reaching a breakthrough on a totally new, truly fifth-gen engine, known as Izdeliye 30 (Product 30), a design which experts say has no equivalents in the world of engine construction. 

Developed from scratch over the course of almost a decade at the Saturn Tool-Making Plant in Rybinsk, central Russia, Izdeliye 30 features improved thrust characteristics (19,000 kgf vs. 15,000 kgf in the AL-41F1), better fuel efficiency, fewer moving parts, and subsequently improved reliability and lower maintenance costs.

Ground tests for the engine have already been completed. Now, following its installation aboard the T-50, the second stage of testing, both for the engine and the plane, can begin. This process is expected to start in the fall.

Commenting on the significance of this development, military journalist and Svobodnaya Pressa contributor Vladimir Tuchkov explained that the long-awaited pairing of the T-50 with a fifth-generation engine will be a milestone, one giving Russia not only a true next generation fighter aircraft, but undoubtedly the best plane of its kind in the world.

For starters, the analyst noted, "in terms of maneuverability, the T-50 is second-to-none. This was predestined by the design of its airframe," as well as the plane's three dimensional thrust vector jets, a design which the US does not have. 

The F-22 Raptor, for example, uses two-dimensional vector thrust jets, affecting only its pitch, for maneuverability. The F-35 Lightning II lacks the capability altogether, except for its vertical take-off and landing functions. No information is available regarding China's J-20 stealth fighter.

© Sputnik/ Vladimir Astapkovich

T-50 jet performs a demo flight at the MAKS 2015 International Aviation and Space Salon in Zhukovsky outside Moscow

 

In the stealth department, the T-50's radar cross section (rcs) value is 0.1-0.5m, significantly higher than the F-22 and the F-35 (whose values are an impressive 0.0001 and 0.0015). 

However, Tuchkov emphasized that the rcs indicators are "a subject wide open to conjecture, based on disinformation provided either by developers for advertising purposes…or for the purpose of disorienting the enemy (so that he cannot predict in advance the tactics of air battles and interception by air defense forces)."

© Flickr/ US Air Force. F-35

 

Military observers have long said and written that among the major military powers (and sometimes even among smaller ones) the 'antidotes' to stealth technology have a tendency to be conceived of, designed and deployed long before stealth fighters ever get off the ground. Furthermore, the engines onboard every stealth aircraft give off thermal signatures which infrared sensor systems (including those used by Russia) could easily pick up and track. Finally, Russia also has over-the-horizon surface-wave radar systems capable of detecting stealth jets "as clearly as WWII-era aircraft."

In other words, while the idea of a magic plane invisible to enemy air defenses may be relevant when fighting small countries with Cold War-era radar and air defense technology, in combat with larger powers, other factors, including a plane's target detection systems, as well as its range of their missiles, are far more significant.

In the first area, Tuchkov noted that T-50's delayed start behind both the F-22 and the F-35 worked out perfectly for the developers of the plane's onboard radar systems, giving them access to fundamentally new electronic components and technologies which were unavailable ten or even five years before. "Furthermore, Russian designers were able to take into account, as far as possible, the experience of the F-22's radar," the journalist wrote.

“First, it must be said that the angle of the T-50's active phased array is installed on an incline. Because of this, the aircraft's rcs is reduced. Going with this design, which also makes possible a reduction in power usage during operation, was made possible thanks to the excellent characteristics of the N036 Belka radar, developed to replace the N035 Irbis passive phased array antenna system.”

© Photo: Allocer

N036 Belka advanced active electronically scanned array radar system

 

The N036 is more effective than the N035, Tuchkov noted, but even the earlier system “remains very convincing when compared with the US AN/APG-77 radar. The Russian system finds targets with an rcs of 1 square meter at distances up to 300 km. The American radar, meanwhile, does the same up to 225 km. For targets with an rcs of 0.01 square meters, the Russian radar’s range is 90 km. For the US system these figures are not available.”

Altogether, the T-50 has six radars onboard – including one on the plane’s nose, two on its sides, two on the wings and one in the aft section. They are capable of monitoring up to 60 targets at once, and targeting up to 15.

“In addition to the radar-based visibility, the T-50 features the OLS-50M optic-electronic sensor system, which includes a thermal scanner using a QWIP-matrix with unique resolution and range characteristics. In this area…Russia is considered to be the absolute world leader,” the military observer stressed. A similar system, which enables the pilot to detect targets which have their radar systems turned off, is fitted on the F-35, albeit the US design has a smaller range. The F-22 does not have this technology.

If there is one advantage of the F-35’s avionics to speak of, “it is the pilot’s helmet, which makes the aircraft ‘transparent,’" Tuchkov wrote. "That is, visibility is not limited by the cockpit windows. The whole panorama of the surrounding area is displayed in the pilot’s visors, in both the visible and the infrared spectrum. Monitoring the pilot’s head and eye movements, the computer provides the necessary panoramic viewpoint and provides the pilots with tips, and manages targeting.” Finally, and perhaps most importantly, when it comes to armaments, here the T-50 stands out, according to the observer.

Among all the world's existing and prospective fifth-generation fighter aircraft, “the T-50 has the most extensive missile and bomb arsenal. A total of 14 high-precision missiles and smart bombs have been developed specifically for the plane. Half have already been adopted into service; the other half are undergoing testing. The KS-172, the longest-range air-to-air missile, has a maximum range up to 400 km. This is double that of the US AIM-120D missile, which has a maximum range of 180 km."

© Photo: public domain

The KS-172 air-to-air missile 

 

As for air-to-surface missiles, here too the T-50 has systems that are “at the forefront of engineering solutions,” Tuchkov noted. “Using them, the pilot has the opportunity to conduct a 'free hunt', with the missiles themselves choosing targets independently. The US planes, meanwhile, use missiles developed in the early 2000s, and modernized in the 2010s in the best case scenario.”

Star Trek: Discovery - New Trailer

Star Trek: Discovery premieres September 24th on CBS All Access.

 

New Thor Ragnarok trailer and a Justice League Trailer

Thor Ragnarok will be the third Thor movie.
The release dates for upcoming Marvel movies are.
Thor: Ragnarok release date: Nov 3, 2017
Black Panther release date: Feb 16, 2018
The Avengers: Infinity War release date: May 4, 2018
Ant-Man & The Wasp release date: Jul 6, 2018
Captain Marvel release date: Mar 8, 2019
The Avengers 4 / Untitled Avengers Movie release date: May 3, 2019
Untitled Spider-Man: Homecoming Sequel release date: Jul 5, 2019


 

UFO sightings in the skies above Cornwall

Something strange has been lurking in the skies above the picturesque English county of Cornwall. And people have naturally begun to wonder if the odd shape shifting phenomenon is aliens, though it’s most likely a flock of birds – looks cool though.

Twitter user Shane House posted this video while driving down the motorway in the southern county and wondered if it was a UFO.

Some commentators were quick to point out that it was most likely a more worldly phenomenon – a murmuration of starlings to be precise. That didn’t stop others posting similar videos asking the same question.

Following UFO sightings across Cornwall this week, we’ve just seen this flying over our Biomes! #ufocornwall pic.twitter.com/VdnqBxMYdQ

— Eden Project (@edenproject) July 21, 2017

filmed this in truro today before my hair apt..can someone please explain? 😐 #ufocornwall pic.twitter.com/X11gJsqSn5

— STEPH ✨ (@CocochicBlog) July 18, 2017

This weird UFO has had multiple sightings over Cornwall, possible Eden project publicity stunt? pic.twitter.com/yZ1vTYxpEb

— I LOVE WEIRD (@iloveweirdtweet) July 19, 2017

#BREAKING Cornwall England #UFO losing cloaking https://t.co/VS7cjPtfwa

— GivePeaceAChance (@SamanthaSAS) July 21, 2017

When asked about the videos, an Eden Project spokesperson simply said: “The truth is out there.”

Our Journey into Space summer holiday programme blasts off on Thursday next week! pic.twitter.com/6GchWkAiRz

— Eden Project (@edenproject) July 17, 2017

MAKS 2017 - Incredible 360 footage captures ‘Russian Knights’ riding through the skies

Incredible 360 footage captures ‘Russian Knights’ riding through the skies

#Sukhoi PAK FA/T-50 dogfighting at #MAKS2017 🇷🇺 pic.twitter.com/GyyRpwojie

— ГК РФ 🇷🇺 в Женеве (@RusConsulGen) July 20, 2017

'Future belongs to this plane': New-design MiG-35 makes air show debut at MAKS 2017 (VIDEO) https://t.co/XSASjRkly0 pic.twitter.com/0HegERp9uA

— RT (@RT_com) July 19, 2017

🛩️Welcome to #MAKS2017! The majestic air show has begun in the town of #Zhukovsky outside @Moscow today! https://t.co/kj9TldqUbW#Russia pic.twitter.com/IlbyXJiSUu

— РоссиЯ 🇷🇺 (@Russia) July 18, 2017

#Russian Sukhoi Su-35S multirole fighter performs thrust vectoring maneuvers during MAKS 2017 Air Show pic.twitter.com/g4dxTvwdM4

— Warfare Worldwide (@WarfareWW) July 20, 2017

Russian Air Force - The newest Su-35S fight at low altitude

How you plug your advanced Russian missile tech at #MAKS2017 #MAKS17 pic.twitter.com/0f8LFgSkEe

— Stephen Trimble (@FG_STrim) July 18, 2017

2-day of beautiful #MAKS2017 air show in #Russia 💗🇷🇺
pic.twitter.com/JIaiVxRYdP

— Springprincess (@TamrikoT) July 20, 2017

#Russian-built MiG-35 showcases improved maneuverability and power in debut at the MAKS 2017 air show. #MAKS2017 #MAKS17 #fighter pic.twitter.com/f0AW3pY2CB

— Wolgadeutscher 🌎 (@Wolgadeutscher) July 20, 2017

Former NASA Scientist Claims Alien Ships Are Hiding in Saturn's Rings

Dr. Norman Bergrun, a former NASA Engineer, has claimed "giant" alien spacecraft are to be found in Earth's solar system around ringed planets such as Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus – not the first time the alien enthusiast has made such fantastical claims.

UFO hunter Dr. Bergrun claimed the ships are "sucking" energy from the planet via the rings in order to "proliferate" — a situation he describes as critical.

His statements stem from a 17-minute-long video uploaded by YouTube conspiracy theory channel SecureTeam 10, which has almost 900,000 subscribers, and describes itself as a source for "the best" in new UFO sighting, information on the "space cover-up" and all "strange activity" happening on and off the Earth.

Is Enceladus an electromagnetic vehicle supplying material for Saturn's E-ring? Enceladus

— Dr Norman Bergrun (@DrNormanBergrun) June 8, 2014

While the assertions of Dr. Bergrun, a distinguished Medical Engineer during his time at NASA's Ames Research Center, will likely be novel to many, he has in fact repeatedly made roughly the same declaration frequently over a 30-year span.

© NASA. Hubble Heritage Team

​In the clip, Dr. Bergrun speaks of "long cylindrical objects" in the rings that appear to have "exhaust systems" among other apparently amazing findings.
In 1986, he penned the book Ringmakers of Saturn, which in addition to stating planetary rings were rife with alien craft, suggested such rings may ben in fact created by UFOs.
Nonetheless, he previously made headlines on the same basis in 2016.
At the time, he likewise said "these things" inhabit Saturn, Uranus and Jupiter, and that wherever planetary rings were found, "that's where I see the aircrafts… I call them a ringmaker."

"I say it is electromagnetic because I can identify streamline patterns with respect to it I knew were what we called 'potential lines' — and that says it was electrical. I could tell that those lines demarked the outside of an object," he added.

Claims of sightings of alien craft in pictures of planets are nothing new — in 2012, Leonid Ksanfomaliti of the Space Research Institute of Russia's Academy of Sciences published research analyzing the photos from a mission made by Soviet landing probe Venus-13 in 1982, which claimed several objects resembling living beings could be detected in the photos.

The objects were said to resemble "a disk," "black flap" and "scorpion" — and change location between photos. However, NASA was quick to dismiss Ksanfomaliti's sensational suggestions, saying the "disk" was in fact a lens cap, and the "scorpion" mere noise in the digital image.
Moreover, in 2007, an individual allegedly named William Rutledge, who identified himself as a retired NASA astronaut living in exile in Rwanda, took to YouTube to claim he took part in a secret Apollo mission to explore the dark side of the moon.
The voyage, which he claimed was jointly manned by US and Soviet astronauts, was said to have taken place in August 1976 — and was aimed at the exploration of a vast ancient city and a huge crashed spacecraft.



His claims were supported by photographs of the lunar surface taken by Apollo 15 in 1971, which do appear to show strange anomalies in the Delporte-Izsak region in the southern region of the Moon's dark side, including an unusual cigar-shaped object situated on the edge of a crater.
However, Dr. Bergrun's claims may be slightly more difficult to dismiss, given his CV suggests he is a gifted, decorated scientist.

In addition to his time with NASA, he served on the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and an engineer with Lockheed Martin working on some of the US' most critical top secret projects.
Still, grainy images of strange shapes in distorted pictures of planets are perhaps not the weightiest evidence to offer in support of the existence of alien craft within the Earth's solar system — yet that's just what Dr. Bergrun has to offer.

​Surely less sensational alternative explanations can be found for the alleged phenomenon.

World's Longest Elevated Cycle Path

We’ve heard of Beijing’s nine million bikes and China referred to as the “Kingdom of Bicycles”. But the reality in many Chinese cities is that the car is king, and getting from A to B has become increasingly difficult – and dangerous – for the country’s cyclists.

However, the emergence of popular bike-sharing schemes, frustration with gridlocked roads, and efforts to tackle the country’s air pollution crisis are all helping to rekindle China’s love affair with cycling.

The southeast city of Xiamen has gone even further with the construction of a 7.6km elevated skyway for bikes – the world’s longest elevated cycle path.

Take a look at this #bicycle path. It is built ABOVE streets in #Xiamen on the East coast of #China https://t.co/eieQmU5Jmj

— Frank Calberg (@frankcalberg) July 19, 2017

Connecting the major residential and business sectors of the city, the aerial cycleway sits below Xiamen’s existing overhead bus transport system. At 4.8 m wide it has capacity for over 2000 bikes at a time, and will join up with 11 bus stations and two subway stations. As well as space to park bikes, it will also have bikes available to hire.

The world’s longest elevated cycle path opened in, which can handle about 2,023 cyclists with a speed limit of 15 miles/hour

- Xiamen,China pic.twitter.com/R2EXuTNf7E

— General Knowledge (@BORN4WIN) February 15, 2017

Designed and completed in six months, the project was the latest in a number of raised cycleways by Danish architects Dissing+Weitling. Another project, the ‘Bicycle Snake’, was completed in 2014. The 230 m bridge connects Copenhagen’s harbour area to the city.

Copenhagen had already cemented its status as a bike-friendly city with a cycle super-highway that connects the city with the suburban town of Albertslund, 22 km away. The eventual aim is to build a network of 28 cycle superhighways, covering 500 km. It is estimated the network will increase the number of cycle lanes in Greater Copenhagen by 15% and reduce public expenditure by €40.3m annually thanks to improved health.



Meanwhile, London is among other cities considering proposals for elevated bike paths. Architect Norman Foster unveiled plans to create a 220 km car-free cycle network around the city and surrounds. The city has already introduced a network of cycle superhighways on roads.

The World's Longest elevated cycle path! Let's have some of these in the UK please#cycling #architecture #bikehttps://t.co/giB3OCdQyO

— MESHCANICS (@MESHCANICS) March 6, 2017

China has just built the world’s longest elevated cycle path https://t.co/WcEsHu0xK7 pic.twitter.com/f92aRUOTB2

— World Economic Forum (@Davos) July 19, 2017

Rapidly growing bike-sharing startup Mobike

Rapidly growing bike-sharing startup Mobike already has 100 million users in China. 

And it's now looking to the US and Europe in the hope its unique 'dockless' system can disrupt the industry.

Mobike this week brought a handful of the brightly-colored two-wheelers to showcase at the Fortune Brainstorm Tech conference in Aspen, Colorado.

Rapidly growing bike-sharing startup Mobike already has 100 million users in China. And it's now looking to the US and Europe in the hope its unique 'dockless' system can disrupt the industry

While many major US cities already have bike-sharing programs, Mobike co-founder and chief executive Davis Wang said he wants municipalities to take a look at his company's new concept.

'If you look at (traditional) station bikes, it's like a desktop PC,' he said. 

'We are more a smartphone. You just use it.'

Wang told the conference that the startup which launched in April 2016 decided that 'the dock and the station had to be eliminated so people can use (the bikes) more easily.'

With no bike stations or docks, travelers aren't restricted in their trips. 

Users unlock the bikes with a smartphone app.

The custom-designed, aluminum-frame Mobike bicycles have a drive shaft instead of a chain, disc brakes and tubeless tires which make them virtually maintenance-free. 

They have built in GPS, and riders recharge the battery.

Meet Mobike, a billion-dollar bike-sharing startup from China https://t.co/nDI87xFI4H pic.twitter.com/9HyPFRXtXJ

— TechCrunch (@TechCrunch) July 17, 2017

In 15 months, the company has expanded to over 150 cities, and has put some six million of its connected bikes on the road, claiming to be the world's largest bike-sharing company.

'We are transporting more that 20 million people a day,' he said, making the bicycle more important than the taxi in some Chinese cities, offering rides at the equivalent of 50 US cents.

While many major US cities already have bike-sharing programs, Mobike co-founder and chief executive Davis Wang said he wants municipalities to take a look at his company's new concept

Mobike last month announced it had raised $600 million led by Chinese tech giant Tencent, the largest ever for a bike-sharing firm, giving it a reported valuation of over $1 billion.

It launched last month in two British cities including Manchester and is also in Singapore and Japan.

'We want to be global,' Wang told AFP at the conference.

The company hopes to be in 200 cities worldwide by the end of the year, with its eyes on the US and Europe.

The custom-designed, aluminum-frame Mobike bicycles have a drive shaft instead of a chain, disc brakes and tubeless tires which make them virtually maintenance-free. They have built in GPS, and riders recharge the battery 

In 15 months, the company has expanded to over 150 cities, and has put some six million of its connected bikes on the road, claiming to be the world's largest bike-sharing company

 
 

Wang, who formerly worked at Uber, said Mobike model can coexist with the current bike programs, and get more people interested in bicycling.

In the US, 'we are studying local markets, we are in talks with local governments.'

In China, Mobike is locked in battle with rivals including Ofo, which is backed by the Chinese ride-hailing giant Didi Chuxing.

Mobike faces some challenges with its business model, including getting people to handle the bikes responsibly and get them to needed locations.

It has responded with incentives that give bonus points to riders who find abandoned or damaged bikes or who bring them to needed locations.

the power of idea https://t.co/SMeDlLMW66

— Moch. Ainun N. (@ec2ainun) July 18, 2017

Chinese bike-sharing #startup Mobike raises $600M to push into 200 cities globally by end of 2017 https://t.co/N9YtuRR91v #shareeconomy pic.twitter.com/9ZR0a3WzQe

— Pendulum Magazine (@readpendulum) June 22, 2017

Successful Maiden Flight of Mass-produced CH-5 Drone

China has started commercial production of its deadliest drone for overseas users, and it could be a rival to US remotely piloted vehicles, according to a Chinese drone researcher.

Wang Song, an associate professor with the school of aeronautic science and engineering at Beihang University, said the first flight of a mass-produced CH-5 Rainbow on Friday last week meant China was ready to offer international buyers a heavy military drone with performance equalling that of the General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper, but at around half the cost.
The Rainbow flight was conducted at a military airport in Hebei province, according to Xinhua. Unlike with a test flight two years ago, the aircraft that was flown was a production model, the state news agency said.

The Reaper, or Predator B, was the world’s first unmanned aerial vehicle that could attack targets on the ground. At US$16.9 million, according to a 2013 US budget report, it was also the world’s most expensive drone.
“The CH-5 may come in at less than half of the price,” said Wang, who was deputy chief designer of a Chinese military drone but not directly involved in the Rainbow project.

The Rainbow series, ranging from the tiny model 1 to the three-tonne model 5, was developed and produced by the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, the company behind the space programme. Rainbows have been sold to more than a dozen countries, with annual production exceeding 200 units, and are the “most popular military drones in the world”, according to the company’s website.



However, the initial output of the CH-5 would be relatively small, Wang said. It could be more than 10 units a year, but was unlikely to exceed 20 due to the size and sophistication of the aircraft.
“This should meet the early demand,” Wang said.
The Rainbows are mainly for the overseas market.

In 2015, the Iraqi Ministry of Defence released a video showing a missile attack on an Islamic State target by a CH-4B drone, which is just a third of the size of the CH-5.
The CH-5 can carry up to 16 air-to-ground missiles and stay in the air for nearly two days, said Shi Wen, the chief designer of the drone, in an interview with Global Times last year.

After being modified for certain missions, it can fly for up to 120 hours, giving it a range of more than 10,000km.
This endurance enabled the drone to fly to a target 3,000km away and stay overhead for up to 20 hours, Shi told the state-run newspaper.
Such performance “leaves the Predator series in the dust”, he added.
 

#China's CH-5 drone ready for mass production and international armed drone market https://t.co/Z0QzWRJMDe pic.twitter.com/1l2tLOCfoE

— CGTN (@CGTNOfficial) July 16, 2017

The CH-5 has other advantages. For instance, it could be operated by an undergraduate student with basic knowledge of aviation after only one or two days of training, according to state media reports. This was because of the simplicity of its user interface, and the fact that operations like take-off and landing could be automated.
The drone can also be modified to be a low-cost airborne early warning system, or equipped with high-tech sensors such as wall and ground-penetrating radars developed by China.

However, Wang said the Chinese drone had a weakness compared to its American counterparts. The Reaper can climb to a height of between 12,000 and 15,000 metres. This allows the US drone to stay above the reach of most ground fire.
The CH-5, on the other hand, cannot operate at more than 9,000 metres, which makes it vulnerable to some anti-aircraft weaponry.
The limited ceiling of the Rainbow is a by-product of its relatively weak engine, according to Wang, who noted that China still lagged behind the West in aircraft engine technology.

China ‘ready to mass produce’ strike-capable CH-5 UAV, says report: https://t.co/bCoYrlEO94 pic.twitter.com/uGyEMBs0vb

— Jane's (@IHS4DefRiskSec) July 18, 2017

Closeups of CH-5 SP pic.twitter.com/2X6AT126pb

— dafeng cao (@xinfengcao) July 17, 2017

Avengers Infinity War Teaser Trailer Breakdown and Easter Eggs

An Avengers Infinity War teaser trailer was shown at D23. It was exclusive to the event and presented solely for those lucky enough to get into the panel.

There are verbal descriptions by youtubers online and there is a description of the teaser at CBR.com and many other places. There are some minor spoilers.

There is a lot of action and almost all the Marvel movie characters are given some cuts in the teaser.

The film arrives in theaters May 4, 2018.

Development status of five generation engines in the United States, China and Russia

Within the framework of the fifth generation fighter program, the aviation industry and the cooperation department must address a complex array of tasks and develop all the necessary equipment. One of the most complex tasks of this scheme is to develop engines with desired performance. A series of countries are developing future power plant solutions, and several models have been pushed into mass production. The following describes the development of the field.

U.S.A
American enterprises began to develop the engines of the fifth generation fighter aircraft, which was completed first, and then entered the mass production and use stage. As a result, the United States won the possibility of announcing a new record and a big lead ahead of its foreign rivals. Just a few days ago, American industry announced a new leap forward.


Figure 1: mass production of F-22A fighters in combat forces

Platt & Whitney Company developed in the framework of the ATF program, now equipped with F-22 fighter F119, is the first new generation of engines in the United states. It has been announced a few days ago that the engine, which has been in use, has a total flight time of 500 thousand hours. "This achievement highlights the capabilities of the existing technology," said Amanda Glod, head of F119's engine program. All of the F-22 fighters that have been produced have been flying for 200 thousand hours since 2005.

Research and development efforts to equip F119 engines for the fifth generation of fighters in the ATF program began as early as 80s. Design contract signed in 1991. A year later, the first F119 test engine was on the test rig. In 1997, the finished product was tested on a test aircraft. The test machines are Lockheed Company's YF-22 and Boeing's YF-23. The latter is not in full compliance with the military's requirements and has been eliminated in the competition. Finally, the F-22 equipped with F119-PW-100 engines was put into mass production.

The mass production F-22 fighter is equipped with 2 F119-PW-100 engines. It is a turbofan engine with afterburner and deflection nozzle (which can control thrust vectoring with single plane). The engine adopts double axle layout, and the rotor of high voltage and low voltage reverse rotation. Low pressure compressor has three grades, high pressure compressor has six levels. The nozzle is flat and has a deflection plate, which can adjust the thrust vector direction.

The total length of the F119-PW-100 engine is close to 5.2 meters, the maximum diameter is less than 1.2 meters, and the weight is 1.8 tons. The turbine inlet temperature is 1647 degrees. Thrust force is 15876 kg (16785 kg). According to the official news, the 2 F119-PW-100 engine can ensure the fighter thrust weight ratio of not less than 0.88. In the normal take-off weight under the thrust weight ratio was 1.15. The speed of the flight can be accelerated to 2410 kilometers. With no afterburner, the flight speed can reach 1960 kilometers per hour. The radius of operation is 760 kilometers, and the distance is 2960 kilometers.


Figure 2: F119 test engines with controllable nozzles

According to available data, Pu & Hui company has so far produced more than 500 units of various types of F-119 engines. First it was equipped with several F-22 test machines, and later installed in mass production aircraft. F-22 produced a total of 195, of which 187 were delivered to the air force. According to the latest information, the F-22 fighter has been flying for 200 thousand hours since it was officially put into use. At the same time, including test flight, the engine has a total operating time of 500 thousand hours. Thus, as the first mass production engine of the fifth generation fighter, the record created by F119 will not be broken in the near future.

As a complement to the expensive F-22 heavy fighter, Lockheed Martin developed the F-35 fighter. General & Hui company has developed the F135 turbojet engine for the aircraft. The engine was developed in 90s and completed in the mid 2000s. The F135 engine was developed on the basis of F119, so it was originally called F119-JSF (JSF is the name of the fighter R & D program).
F119-JSF \/ F135's first mass production prototype was made in 2007. Subsequent trimming continued, resulting in significant delays in project progress. But general & Wyeth supplied 100th F135 by 2013. At this point, the main problems were successfully eliminated and three engine modifications for three F-35 modifications were put into mass production.

As further development of existing products, F135 retains its basic characteristics. With dual loop scheme, the compressor series are the same. A single-stage high-pressure turbine is retained, so a new two stage turbine is used in the low voltage circuit. With the help of various supplementary devices or techniques, three types of engines have been developed: F135-PW-100, F135-PW-400 and F135-PW-600.


Figure 3: F-35 fighters in flight

The PW-100 engine is the basic product of this series, which is installed on the air force F-35A aircraft. The engine is 5.6 meters long, not more than 1.17 meters in diameter and weighs 1.7 tons. The maximum thrust is 13000 kg and the thrust is 19500 kg when the thrust is applied. On the basis of it, a F135-PW-400 engine equipped with F-35C based fighter is developed. The only significant difference between the engines is the use of enhanced corrosion resistant coatings. All performance indicators remain unchanged.

F-35B aircraft using 135-PW-600 engine, can short takeoff, vertical landing. Compared with the basic type, this type of engine has important difference. The utility model has a deflection nozzle which can change the thrust direction vertically and downwards. In addition, an additional drive shaft and a rotating lift fan are drawn forward from the engine. With this modification, the engine length increased to 9.37 meters, of which 1.35 meters were the largest part of the lift fan. The maximum thrust is 12250 kg and the thrust is 18600 kg when the thrust is applied.

The first frames of the F-35 series were made in 2006 and lifted off. In the past, the three types of aircraft have entered the production stage, has been produced and delivered to more than 230 users. All of these aircraft are single aircraft. The maximum flight speed is believed to be 1930 kilometers per hour. The aircraft can fly at 1470 kilometers per hour without force augmentation. The radius of operation is 1400 kilometers, and the range is not less than 2200 kilometers.


Figure 4: a F135-PW-600 engine with a lift fan

Therefore, the United States has begun to work in other countries, and has successfully developed and produced two turbojet engines for the fifth generation of fighter aircraft. These products are produced in large quantities and are already serving the armed forces.

China
China has made great achievements in the field of fifth generation fighter and engine research and development. At present, China's industrial circles are developing two aircraft models at the same time, and developing necessary equipment for them. But in the field of engine manufacturing, it's another case. China has limited capacity in the field of modern aero engine research and development, so it has to actively use foreign products.

In January 2011, the J-20 fifth generation fighter flew successfully. At present, several test machines with different configurations and on-board equipment have been fabricated and tested. For example, the J-20 test machine has two versions of power plants, namely domestic and imported engines.
There have been news of China's purchase of a highly rated Russian AL-31F engine. This type of engine will always be used by aircraft to start mass production, and domestic engines with the same performance will come out. There is also news that Chinese aircraft may be using the latest modifications of the WS-10 engine. It was developed on the basis of AL-31 engine.


Figure 5: the J-20 flight

According to the latest information, mass J-20 aircraft will be equipped with the WS-15 turbojet engine currently under development. The WS-15 project started as early as 90s, and the test-bed test began in the middle of 2000s. By the end of the 2000s, some achievements had been made. Earlier, foreign professional publications had speculated that the WS-15 project was trying to copy the American F119 engine. There are rumours that China intends to copy the latest modifications of the Russian AL-31 series engine.

According to available data, WS-15 products are turbofan engines with afterburner. It has been reported that it uses three stage low pressure compressor and six stage high pressure compressor. The total length of the engine is greater than 5 meters, and the turbine inlet temperature is about 1600 degrees Celsius. The thrust is planned to reach 19000 to 20000 kilograms.

According to the assessment, equipped with two WS-15 engine, J-20 fighter thrust weight ratio will be not less than 1.05. The maximum flight speed of 2100 km. It is not clear whether speeding up to supersonic speed without force. What is the performance of a production aircraft equipped with a trimmed engine is unknown for the time being.

The fifth generation of light fighter J-31 has continued its test flight since 2012. According to available information, at least for a certain period of time, the special configuration of the machine has been tested. The machine is equipped with two RD-93 turbojet engines. In 2000s, China straightened out the production of the Chinese version of the RD-93 engine, WS-13. For the foreseeable future, plan to equip the J-31 aircraft with an improved WS-13E engine.


Figure 6: the J-31 light fighter at the airshow

According to previously released news, the WS-13E engine will be a dual axis turbofan engine, which is further developed by the RD-93. WS-13 basic type of mass production products have eight high pressure and low pressure compressor. The length is less than 4.2 meters, the diameter is about 1 meters, and weighs 1.14 tons. The maximum thrust of the existing product is more than 8800 kg when the force is applied. The plan increases thrust to 9000-9100 kg when the new WS-13 is powered up.

Due to understandable reasons, the accuracy of WS-13E and WS-15's future projects has not been announced. China's defence industry traditionally maintains its own primary secrets and is not eager to announce the most interesting information about new projects.

Russia
Russian industry continues to tackle its fifth generation fighter, the T-50. A future engine with higher performance and new capabilities is also being developed within the framework of a large-scale program. But the complexity of the work has led to the fact that test aircraft have to be equipped with an acceptable model of existing engines. T-50's prototype is temporarily equipped with the AL-41F1 turbojet engine. Plan the next step to complete a new engine that is temporarily called "product 30" or "type 30", and put it into mass production.

In the T-50 program, "product 30" is considered the second stage engine. "Product 30" is only a temporary code of work, and the next step may be to use the new code at the beginning of the AL. Earlier reports had already drawn up design data and had begun assembling test engines. By the end of this year, "product 30" will be installed on the experimental aircraft for the first flight. New tests are planned for the next few years and national trials in 2020.


Figure 7:T-50 one of the test machines

A few days ago, the Russian newspaper "newspaper" reveals new details from lyulika anonymous sources on the "30 products" the progress of the project: the company is the three class ground work, in order to complete the task in a predetermined period before, to ensure strict implementation of the schedule. At the same time, there are some problems with the collaboration unit: the engine control unit, the supplier, has not completed its task. Upon completion of the current work, the test engine is scheduled to be installed on the flight test room for flight test. The first test flight is planned for November 6th. However, the test schedule is likely to be adjusted if the collaboration unit fails to complete its tasks as planned.

"The newspaper reported that" the sources also confirmed that the AL-41F1 engine and the future of these existing products have significant difference: using new type of turbine and full digital control system, it will achieve greater thrust, lower fuel consumption targets. All of this will enable the aircraft equipped with "product 30" to fly supersonic without the use of force, which will have a positive effect on the use of the aircraft as a whole.

According to various data, the maximum thrust will reach 11000 kg when the engine does not operate in the future, and it will reach 18000 kg when it is powered up. Thus, the T-50 aircraft will not be less than 1 weight ratio (depending on the maximum takeoff weight), flight speed is estimated to be 2500-2600 kilometers, non afterburning maximum flight speed of 2000 kilometers per hour. The type 30 engine will be equipped with a deflection nozzle that can control thrust vectoring. This will allow the aircraft to be more maneuverable in all flight conditions.


Figure 8:T-50 the AL-41-F1 engine used on the prototype

Epilogue
Although radio electronic systems are growing rapidly and increasing in importance, the engine will remain one of the most important and complex parts of the future aircraft. The special requirements for the fifth generation fighter also put forward the corresponding requirements for engine manufacturing. Designers need to perform particularly complex tasks, otherwise they can not meet all the requirements of the user, and can not develop aircraft with the desired performance.

At present, a number of countries are tackling their own fifth generation fighter at the same time, but far from being fully planned. Not only that, at present, only one country's fifth generation fighter aircraft has been put into mass production. Other countries are still in the experimental phase or the experimental design stage. But it is clear that the United States will be broken in the next few years, because a number of foreign models may soon be put into mass production.

The situation of engines used in future fighters looks similar, but there is a clear difference. For example, the United States already has two models of mass production engines, one of which has three modifications. Russia has only one model in preparation for testing. The progress of China's project is almost unknown. At the same time, it is clear that the future of the engine and its supporting equipment research and development continue, and gradually achieved rapid results. The ultimate goal of all projects is to start mass production of new engines for mass production aircraft. Two new generation engines have completed the task, and others need to continue their efforts.